Medical References G Cont.-N

Grape Seed Extract

Shi J, Yu J, Pohorly JE, Kakuda Y. Polyphenolics in grape seeds-biochemistry and functionality. J Med Food. 2003 Winter;6(4):291-9. Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Canada.

Roy AM, Baliga MS, Elmets CA, Katiyar SK. Grape seed proanthocyanidins induce apoptosis through p53, Bax, and caspase 3 pathways. Neoplasia. 2005 Jan;7(1):24-36. Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

Zhao J, Wang J, Chen Y, Agarwal R. Anti-tumor-promoting activity of a polyphenolic fraction isolated from grape seeds in the mouse skin two-stage initiation-promotion protocol and identification of procyanidin B5-3'-gallate as the most effective antioxidant constituent. Carcinogenesis. 1999 Sep;20(9):1737-45. Center for Cancer Causation and Prevention, AMC Cancer Research Center, Denver, CO 80214, USA.

Bomser JA, Singletary KW, Wallig MA, Smith MA. Inhibition of TPA-induced tumor promotion in CD-1 mouse epidermis by a polyphenolic fraction from grape seeds. Cancer Lett. 1999 Jan 29;135(2):151-7. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA.

El Hindi T, Ehlers G, Demchuk M, Pfitzner I. Determination of the antioxidant capacity of an antioxidant combination using the fluoroscan assay in vitro and visualization of its effects using histological methods. Arch Dermatol Res. 2004 Nov;296(6):258-64. BioTeSys GmbH, Schelztorstrasse 54-56, 73728 Esslingen, Germany.

Khanna S, Venojarvi M, Roy S, Sharma N, Trikha P, Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Sen CK. Dermal wound healing properties of redox-active grape seed proanthocyanidins. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 Oct 15;33(8):1089-96. Department of Surgery, Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.

Khanna S, Roy S, Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Sen CK. Upregulation of oxidant-induced VEGF expression in cultured keratinocytes by a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001 Jul 1;31(1): 38-42. Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.

Carini M, Aldini G, Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P, Maffei Facino R. UVB-induced hemolysis of rat erythrocytes: protective effect of procyanidins from grape seeds. Life Sci. 2000 Sep 1;67(15):1799-814. Istituto Chimico Farmaceutico Tossicologico, University of Milan, Italy.

Takahashi T, Kamiya T, Yokoo Y. Proanthocyanidins from grape seeds promote proliferation of mouse hair follicle cells in vitro and convert hair cycle in vivo. Acta Derm Venereol. 1998 Nov;78(6):428-32. Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ibaraki, Japan.

Green Tea, Green Tea Extract, & EGCG

Fujiki H, Suganuma M, Okabe S, Sueoka N, Komori A, Sueoka E, Kozu T, Tada Y, Suga K, Imai K, Nakachi K. Cancer inhibition by green tea. Mutat Res. 1998 Jun 18;402(1-2):307-10. Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Ina, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362, Japan.

Hakim IA, Harris RB, Weisgerber UM. Tea intake and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: influence of type of tea beverages. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000 Jul;9(7):727-31. Cancer Prevention and Control, Arizona Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA.

Chow HH, Cai Y, Hakim IA, Crowell JA, Shahi F, Brooks CA, Dorr RT, Hara Y, Alberts DS. Pharmacokinetics and safety of green tea polyphenols after multiple-dose administration of epigallocatechin gallate and polyphenon E in healthy individuals. Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Aug 15;9(9):3312-9. Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.

Fu Y, Wei S, Lin H, Zhang Y. Effects of tea polyphenols on cell kinetics and apoptosis of primary cultured rat skin keratinocytes. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2000 Mar 30;29(2):94-6. Unit of Skin Physiology and Dermatotoxicology, Preventive Medicine Institute, Shanghai Medical University, Shanghai 200032, China.

Hsu S. Green tea and the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 Jun;52(6):1049-59. Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912-1126, USA.

Rice-Evans C. Implications of the mechanisms of action of tea polyphenols as antioxidants in vitro for chemoprevention in humans. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1999 Apr;220(4):262-6. International Antioxidant Research Centre, Guy's, Kings and St. Thomas's School of Biochemical Sciences, Kings College, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom SE1 9RT.

Mukhtar H, Ahmad N. Cancer chemoprevention: future holds in multiple agents. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1999 Aug 1;158(3):207-10. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 44106, USA.

Katiyar SK, Mukhtar H. J. Tea antioxidants in cancer chemoprevention. Cell Biochem Suppl. 1997;27:59-67. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio 44106-5028, USA.

Mukhtar H, Agarwal R. Skin cancer chemoprevention. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 1996 Apr;1(2):209-14. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, OH 44106, USA.

Katiyar SK, Afaq F, Perez A, Mukhtar H. Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment of human skin inhibits ultraviolet radiation-induced oxidative stress. Carcinogenesis. 2001 Feb;22(2):287-94. Department of Dermatology, Volker Hall 501, 1530 3rd Ave S, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA.

Katiyar SK, Perez A, Mukhtar H. Green tea polyphenol treatment to human skin prevents formation of ultraviolet light B-induced pyrimidine dimers in DNA. Clin Cancer Res. 2000 Oct;6(10):3864-9. Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.

Mukhtar H, Mercurio MG, Agarwal R. Murine skin carcinogenesis: Relevance to humans. in Mukhtar H (ed): Skin Cancer: Mechanism and Human Relevance. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1995, pp 3-8.

Kochevar IE, Pathak MA, Parrish JA. Photophysics photochemistry and photobiology. in Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen Az, Wolff K, Et al, (eds): Dermatology in General Medicine. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1993, pp 1627-1638.

Wang ZY, Agarwal R, Bickers DR, Mukhtar H. Protection against ultraviolet B radiation-induced photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice by green tea polyphenols. Carcinogenesis. 1991 Aug;12(8):1527-30. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, OH.

Agarwal R, Katiyar SK, Khan SG, Mukhtar H. Protection against ultraviolet B radiation-induced effects in the skin of SKH-1 hairless mice by a polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea. Photochem Photobiol. 1993 Nov;58(5):695-700. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH.

Ichihashi M, Ahmed NU, Budiyanto A, Wu A, Bito T, Ueda M, Osawa T. Preventive effect of antioxidant on ultraviolet-induced skin cancer in mice. J Dermatol Sci. 2000 Mar;23 Suppl 1:S45-50. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.

Record IR, Dreosti IE. Protection by tea against UV-A + B-induced skin cancers in hairless mice. Nutr Cancer. 1998;32(2):71-5. Division of Human Nutrition, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Adelaide, S. Australia.

Katiyar SK, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Green tea and skin. Arch Dermatol. 2000 Aug;136(8):989-94. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.

Lee JH, Chung JH, Cho KH. The effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on extracellular matrix metabolism. J Dermatol Sci. 2005 Aug 12; Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Dermatological Science, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea.

Khan WA, Wang ZY, Athar M, Bickers DR, Mukhtar H. Inhibition of the skin tumorigenicity of (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene by tannic acid, green tea polyphenols and quercetin in Sencar mice. Cancer Lett. 1988 Sep-Oct;42(1-2):7-12. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, OH.

Wang ZY, Khan WA, Bickers DR, Mukhtar H. Protection against polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced skin tumor initiation in mice by green tea polyphenols. Carcinogenesis. 1989 Feb;10(2):411-5. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH.

Ahmad N, Katiyar SK, Mukhtar H. Antioxidants in chemoprevention of skin cancer. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2001;29:128-39. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

Meves A, Stock SN, Beyerle A, Pittelkow MR, Peus D. Vitamin C derivative ascorbyl palmitate promotes ultraviolet-B-induced lipid peroxidation and cytotoxicity in keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2002 Nov;119(5):1103-8. Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.

Huang CC, Fang JY, Wu WB, Chiang HS, Wei YJ, Hung CF. Protective effects of (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate on UVA-induced damage in HaCaT keratinocytes. Arch Dermatol Res. 2005 Apr;296(10):473-81. Epub 2005 Feb 22. Department of Dermatology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei County, Taiwan.

Song XZ, Xia JP, Bi ZG. Effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in fibroblasts irradiated with ultraviolet A. Chin Med J (Engl). 2004 Dec;117(12):1838-41. Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.

Mantena SK, Roy AM, Katiyar SK. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits photocarcinogenesis through inhibition of angiogenic factors and activation of CD8+ T cells in tumors. Photochem Photobiol. 2005 Apr 1 University of Alabama At Birmingham.

Marnewick J, Joubert E, Joseph S, Swanevelder S, Swart P, Gelderblom W. Inhibition of tumour promotion in mouse skin by extracts of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia), unique South African herbal teas. Cancer Lett. 2005 Jun 28;224(2):193-202. Epub 2004 Dec 10. PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.

Balasubramanian S, Efimova T, Eckert RL. Green tea polyphenol stimulates a Ras, MEKK1, MEK3, and p38 cascade to increase activator protein 1 factor-dependent involucrin gene expression in normal human keratinocytes. J Biol Chem. 2002 Jan 18;277(3):1828-36. Epub 2001 Nov 6. Department of Physiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4970, USA.

Balasubramanian S, Sturniolo MT, Dubyak GR, Eckert RL. Human epidermal keratinocytes undergo (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-dependent differentiation but not apoptosis. Carcinogenesis. 2005 Jun;26(6):1100-8. Epub 2005 Feb 17. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, USA.

Nihal M, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H, Wood GS. Anti-proliferative and proapoptotic effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on human melanoma: possible implications for the chemoprevention of melanoma. Int J Cancer. 2005 Apr 20;114(4):513-21. Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin and William S. Middleton Veterans Memorial Hospital, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Wang ZY, Huang MT, Ho CT, Chang R, Ma W, Ferraro T, Reuhl KR, Yang CS, Conney AH. Inhibitory effect of green tea on the growth of established skin papillomas in mice. Cancer Res. 1992 Dec 1;52(23):6657-65. Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08855.

Katiyar SK, Agarwal R, Wood GS, Mukhtar H. Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-caused tumor promotion in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiated SENCAR mouse skin by a polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea. Cancer Res. 1992 Dec 15;52(24):6890-7. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio.

Katiyar SK, Agarwal R, Mukhtar H. Protection against malignant conversion of chemically induced benign skin papillomas to squamous cell carcinomas in SENCAR mice by a polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea. Cancer Res. 1993 Nov 15;53(22):5409-12. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio 44106.

Afaq F, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Suppression of UVB-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor kappa B by green tea polyphenol in SKH-1 hairless mice. Oncogene. 2003 Dec 18;22(58):9254-64. Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Linden KG, Carpenter PM, McLaren CE, Barr RJ, Hite P, Sun JD, Li KT, Viner JL, Meyskens FL. Chemoprevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer: experience with a polyphenol from green tea. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2003;163:165-71; discussion 264-6. Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, 101 The City Drive, Orange, CA 92868, USA.

Chung FL, Schwartz J, Herzog CR, Yang YM. Tea and cancer prevention: studies in animals and humans. J Nutr. 2003 Oct;133(10):3268S-3274S. American Health Foundation Cancer Center, Institute for Cancer Prevention, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.

Fujiki H, Suganuma M, Kurusu M, Okabe S, Imayoshi Y, Taniguchi S, Yoshida T. New TNF-alpha releasing inhibitors as cancer preventive agents from traditional herbal medicine and combination cancer prevention study with EGCG and sulindac or tamoxifen. Mutat Res. 2003 Feb-Mar;523-524:119-25. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-Cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.

Nomura M, Ma W, Chen N, Bode AM, Dong Z. Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced NF-kappaB activation by tea polyphenols, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and theaflavins. Carcinogenesis. 2000 Oct;21(10):1885-90. The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA.

Lin JK, Liang YC. Cancer chemoprevention by tea polyphenols. Proc Natl Sci Counc Repub China B. 2000 Jan;24(1):1-13. Institute of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Taipei, ROC.

Fujiki H, Suganuma M, Okabe S, Sueoka E, Suga K, Imai K, Nakachi K. A new concept of tumor promotion by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and cancer preventive agents (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and green tea--a review. Cancer Detect Prev. 2000;24(1):91-9. Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Kitaadachi-gun, Japan.

Mukhtar H, Ahmad N. Green tea in chemoprevention of cancer. Toxicol Sci. 1999 Dec;52(2 Suppl):111-7. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio 44106, USA.

Katiyar SK, Challa A, McCormick TS, Cooper KD, Mukhtar H. Prevention of UVB-induced immunosuppression in mice by the green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate may be associated with alterations in IL-10 and IL-12 production. Carcinogenesis. 1999 Nov;20(11):2117-24. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland and University Hospitals of Cleveland and VA Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.

Khafif A, Schantz SP, al-Rawi M, Edelstein D, Sacks PG. Green tea regulates cell cycle progression in oral leukoplakia. Head Neck. 1998 Sep;20(6):528-34. Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.

Katiyar SK, Mohan RR, Agarwal R, Mukhtar H. Protection against induction of mouse skin papillomas with low and high risk of conversion to malignancy by green tea polyphenols. Carcinogenesis. 1997 Mar;18(3):497-502. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA.

Yoshizawa S. Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate, the main constituent of Japanese green tea, inhibits tumor promotion of okadaic acid. 1996 Oct;87(10):215-21. First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka.

Stoner GD, Mukhtar H. Polyphenols as cancer chemopreventive agents. J Cell Biochem Suppl. 1995;22:169-80. Department of Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.

Katiyar SK, Agarwal R, Mukhtar H. Inhibition of spontaneous and photo-enhanced lipid peroxidation in mouse epidermal microsomes by epicatechin derivatives from green tea. Cancer Lett. 1994 Apr 29;79(1):61-6. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, OH 44106.

Wei H, Frenkel K. Relationship of oxidative events and DNA oxidation in SENCAR mice to in vivo promoting activity of phorbol ester-type tumor promoters. Carcinogenesis. 1993 Jun;14(6):1195-201. Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016-6451.

Suganuma M, Yoshizawa S, Yatsunami J, Nishiwaki S, Furuya H, Okabe S, Nishiwaki-Matsushima R, Frenkel K, Troll W, Verma AK, et al. Mechanisms of action of new antitumor promoters. Basic Life Sci. 1993;61:317-23. Cancer Prevention Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.

Agarwal R, Katiyar SK, Zaidi SI, Mukhtar H. Inhibition of skin tumor promoter-caused induction of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase in SENCAR mice by polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea and its individual epicatechin derivatives. Cancer Res. 1992 Jul 1;52(13):3582-8. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio.

Fujiki H, Yoshizawa S, Horiuchi T, Suganuma M, Yatsunami J, Nishiwaki S, Okabe S, Nishiwaki-Matsushima R, Okuda T, Sugimura T. Anticarcinogenic effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. Prev Med. 1992 Jul;21(4):503-9. Cancer Prevention Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.

Katiyar SK, Agarwal R, Wang ZY, Bhatia AK, Mukhtar H. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate in Camellia sinensis leaves from Himalayan region of Sikkim: inhibitory effects against biochemical events and tumor initiation in Sencar mouse skin. Nutr Cancer. 1992;18(1):73-83. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, OH.

Cheng SJ. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. Inhibitory effect of green tea extract on promotion and related action of TPA. 1989 Aug;11(4):259-64.

Conney AH. Enzyme induction and dietary chemicals as approaches to cancer chemoprevention: the Seventh DeWitt S. Goodman Lecture. Cancer Res. 2003 Nov 1;63(21):7005-31. Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8020, USA.

Morre DM, Morre DJ. Anticancer activity of grape and grape skin extracts alone and combined with green tea infusions. Cancer Lett. 2005 Aug 26 Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, 700 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN

Bhatia N, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Differential responses of skin cancer-chemopreventive agents silibinin, quercetin, and epigallocatechin 3-gallate on mitogenic signaling and cell cycle regulators in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. Nutr Cancer. 2001;39(2):292-9. AMC Cancer Research Center, Center for Cancer Causation and Prevention, Denver, CO 80214, USA.

Surh Y. Molecular mechanisms of chemopreventive effects of selected dietary and medicinal phenolic substances. Mutat Res. 1999 Jul 16;428(1-2):305-27. Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Shinlim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea.

Afaq F, Adhami VM, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Inhibition of ultraviolet B-mediated activation of nuclear factor kappaB in normal human epidermal keratinocytes by green tea Constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Oncogene. 2003 Feb 20;22(7):1035-44. Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Denkert C, Schmitt WD, Berger S, Reles A, Pest S, Siegert A, Lichtenegger W, Dietel M, Hauptmann. Expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) in primary human ovarian carcinoma. S. Int J Cancer. 2002 Dec 10;102(5):507-13. Institute of Pathology, Charite Hospital, Berlin, Germany.

Saito M, Saito K, Kunisaki N, Kimura S. Green tea polyphenols inhibit metalloproteinase activities in the skin, muscle, and blood of rainbow trout. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Nov 20;50(24):7169-74. Laboratory of Food Science, Kagawa Nutrition University, Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan.

Liang YC, Tsai DC, Lin-Shiau SY, Chen CF, Ho CT, Lin JK. Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammatory skin edema and ornithine decarboxylase activity by theaflavin-3,3'-digallate in mouse. Nutr Cancer. 2002;42(2):217-23. Institute of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Katiyar SK, Bergamo BM, Vyalil PK, Elmets CA. Green tea polyphenols: DNA photodamage and photoimmunology. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2001 Dec 31;65(2-3):109-14. Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd., VH501, Box 202, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

Katiyar SK, Afaq F, Azizuddin K, Mukhtar H. Inhibition of UVB-induced oxidative stress-mediated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes by green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2001 Oct 15;176(2):110-7. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.

Kim J, Hwang JS, Cho YK, Han Y, Jeon YJ, Yang KH. Protective effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on UVA-and UVB-induced skin damage. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2001 Jan-Feb;14(1):11-9. Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon, Korea.

Katiyar SK, Matsui MS, Elmets CA, Mukhtar H. Polyphenolic antioxidant (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea reduces UVB-induced inflammatory responses and infiltration of leukocytes in human skin. Photochem Photobiol. 1999 Feb;69(2):148-53. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.

Katiyar SK, Elmets CA, Agarwal R, Mukhtar H. Protection against ultraviolet-B radiation-induced local and systemic suppression of contact hypersensitivity and edema responses in C3H/HeN mice by green tea polyphenols. Photochem Photobiol. 1995 Nov;62(5):855-61. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, OH 44106, USA.

Katiyar SK, Rupp CO, Korman NJ, Agarwal R, Mukhtar H. Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and other skin tumor-promoter-caused induction of epidermal interleukin-1 alpha mRNA and protein expression in SENCAR mice by green tea polyphenols. J Invest Dermatol. 1995 Sep;105(3):394-8. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, OH 44106, USA.

Carini M, Aldini G, Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P, Maffei Facino R. UVB-induced hemolysis of rat erythrocytes: protective effect of procyanidins from grape seeds. Life Sci. 2000 Sep 1;67(15):1799-814. Istituto Chimico Farmaceutico Tossicologico, University of Milan, Italy.

Yamamoto T, Hsu S, Lewis J, Wataha J, Dickinson D, Singh B, Bollag WB, Lockwood P, Ueta E, Osaki T, Schuster G. Green tea polyphenol causes differential oxidative environments in tumor versus normal epithelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Oct;307(1):230-6. Epub 2003 Sep 3. Kochi Medical School, Japan.

Chung JH, Han JH, Hwang EJ, Seo JY, Cho KH, Kim KH, Youn JI, Eun HC. Dual mechanisms of green tea extract (EGCG)-induced cell survival in human epidermal keratinocytes. FASEB J. 2003 Oct;17(13):1913-5. Epub 2003 Aug 1. Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

Katiyar SK. Skin photoprotection by green tea: antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord. 2003 Sep;3(3):234-42. Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

Katiyar SK, Mukhtar H. Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment to mouse skin prevents UVB-induced infiltration of leukocytes, depletion of antigen-presenting cells, and oxidative stress. J Leukoc Biol. 2001 May;69(5):719-26. Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.

Katiyar SK, Elmets CA. Green tea polyphenolic antioxidants and skin photoprotection (Review). Int J Oncol. 2001 Jun;18(6):1307-13. Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, VH 501B, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

Barthelman M, Bair WB 3rd, Stickland KK, Chen W, Timmermann BN, Valcic S, Dong Z, Bowden GT. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced AP-1 activity. Carcinogenesis. 1998 Dec;19(12):2201-4. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson 85724, USA.

Katiyar SK, Agarwal R, Ekker S, Wood GS, Mukhtar H. Protection against 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-caused inflammation in SENCAR mouse ear skin by polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea. Carcinogenesis. 1993 Mar;14(3):361-5. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, OH.

Gensler HL, Timmermann BN, Valcic S, Wachter GA, Dorr R, Dvorakova K, Alberts DS. Prevention of photocarcinogenesis by topical administration of pure epigallocatechin gallate isolated from green tea. Nutr Cancer. 1996;26(3):325-35. Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, USA.

Lambert JD, Yang CS. Mechanisms of cancer prevention by tea constituents. J Nutr. 2003 Oct;133(10):3262S-3267S. Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.

Lu YP, Lou YR, Xie JG, Peng QY, Liao J, Yang CS, Huang MT, Conney AH. Topical applications of caffeine or (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inhibit carcinogenesis and selectively increase apoptosis in UVB-induced skin tumors in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Sep 17;99(19):12455-60. Epub 2002 Aug 30. Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA.

Stratton SP, Bangert JL, Alberts DS, Dorr RT. Dermal toxicity of topical (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate in BALB/c and SKH1 mice. Cancer Lett. 2000 Sep 29;158(1):47-52. Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Ave., Tucson, AR 85724, USA.

Mittal A, Piyathilake C, Hara Y, Katiyar SK. Exceptionally high protection of photocarcinogenesis by topical application of (--)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in hydrophilic cream in SKH-1 hairless mouse model: relationship to inhibition of UVB-induced global DNA hypomethylation. Neoplasia. 2003 Nov-Dec;5(6):555-65. Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

Elmets CA, Singh D, Tubesing K, Matsui M, Katiyar S, Mukhtar H. Cutaneous photoprotection from ultraviolet injury by green tea polyphenols. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001 Mar;44(3):425-32. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

Hu G, Han C, Chen J. Inhibition of oncogene expression by green tea and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in mice. Nutr Cancer. 1995;24(2):203-9. Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.

Suganuma M, Okabe S, Sueoka N, Sueoka E, Matsuyama S, Imai K, Nakachi K, Fujiki H. Green tea and cancer chemoprevention. Mutat Res. 1999 Jul 16;428(1-2):339-44. Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Ina, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan.

Fujimoto N, Sueoka N, Sueoka E, Okabe S, Suganuma M, Harada M, Fujiki H. Lung cancer prevention with (-)-epigallocatechin gallate using monitoring by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein B1. Int J Oncol. 2002 Jun;20(6):1233-9. Saitama Cancer Center, Ina, Kitaadachi-gun 362-0806, Japan.

Fujiki H, Suganuma M, Okabe S, Sueoka E, Suga K, Imai K, Nakachi K, Kimura S. Mechanistic findings of green tea as cancer preventive for humans. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1999 Apr;220(4):225-8. Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Ina, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan.

Komori A, Yatsunami J, Okabe S, Abe S, Hara K, Suganuma M, Kim SJ, Fujiki H. Anticarcinogenic activity of green tea polyphenols. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1993 Jun;23(3):186-90. Cancer Prevention Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo.

Fujita Y, Yamane T, Tanaka M, Kuwata K, Okuzumi J, Takahashi T, Fujiki H, Okuda T. Inhibitory effect of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate on carcinogenesis with N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in mouse duodenum. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1989 Jun;80(6):503-5. Department of Surgery, Fukuchiyama National Hospital, Kyoto.

Yamane T, Nakatani H, Kikuoka N, Matsumoto H, Iwata Y, Kitao Y, Oya K, Takahashi T. Inhibitory effects and toxicity of green tea polyphenols for gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Cancer. 1996 Apr 15;77(8 Suppl):1662-7. First Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan.

Yamane T, Takahashi T, Kuwata K, Oya K, Inagake M, Kitao Y, Suganuma M, Fujiki H. Inhibition of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced carcinogenesis by (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in the rat glandular stomach. Cancer Res. 1995 May 15;55(10):2081-4. First Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan.

Salucci M, Stivala LA, Maiani G, Bugianesi R, Vannini V. Flavonoids uptake and their effect on cell cycle of human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco2). Br J Cancer. 2002 May 20;86(10):1645-51. National Institute of Food and Nutrition Research, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178, Rome, Italy.

Liao S, Hiipakka RA. Selective inhibition of steroid 5 alpha-reductase isozymes by tea epicatechin-3-gallate and epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Sep 25;214(3):833-8. Ben May Institute, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

Katiyar SK, Mukhtar H. Inhibition of phorbol ester tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-caused inflammatory responses in SENCAR mouse skin by black tea polyphenols. Carcinogenesis. 1997 Oct;18(10):1911-6. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, OH 44106, USA.

Nomura M, Ma WY, Huang C, Yang CS, Bowden GT, Miyamoto K, Dong Z. Inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced AP-1 activation by theaflavins from black tea. Mol Carcinog. 2000 Jul;28(3):148-55. The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, USA.

Wang ZY, Huang MT, Lou YR, Xie JG, Reuhl KR, Newmark HL, Ho CT, Yang CS, Conney AH. Inhibitory effects of black tea, green tea, decaffeinated black tea, and decaffeinated green tea on ultraviolet B light-induced skin carcinogenesis in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiated SKH-1 mice. Cancer Res. 1994 Jul 1;54(13):3428-35. Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08855-0789.

Lyn-Cook BD, Rogers T, Yan Y, Blann EB, Kadlubar FF, Hammons GJ. Chemopreventive effects of tea extracts and various components on human pancreatic and prostate tumor cells in vitro. Nutr Cancer. 1999;35(1):80-6. Division of Molecular Epidemiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.

Ahn WS, Yoo J, Huh SW, Kim CK, Lee JM, Namkoong SE, Bae SM, Lee IP. Protective effects of green tea extracts (polyphenon E and EGCG) on human cervical lesions. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2003 Oct;12(5):383-90. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.

Sakata R, Ueno T, Nakamura T, Sakamoto M, Torimura T, Sata M. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation of human hepatic stellate cell line LI90. J Hepatol. 2004 Jan;40(1):52-9. Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Second Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.

Goo HC, Hwang YS, Choi YR, Cho HN, Suh H. Development of collagenase-resistant collagen and its interaction with adult human dermal fibroblasts. Biomaterials. 2003 Dec;24(28):5099-113. Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-ku, Seoul, South Korea.

Chen NY, Ma WY, Yang CS, Dong Z. Inhibition of arsenite-induced apoptosis and AP-1 activity by epigallocatechin-3-gallate and theaflavins. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2000;19(3):287-95. The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin 55912, USA.

Suzuki M, Yoshino K, Maeda-Yamamoto M, Miyase T, Sano M. Inhibitory effects of tea catechins and O-methylated derivatives of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate on mouse type IV allergy. Agric Food Chem. 2000 Nov;48(11):5649-53. Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.

Lecithin & PhosphatidylCholine

Schneider HG. Clinical experiences with a lecithin-containing oil for re-lubrication of the skin. Z Hautkr. 1979 Oct 1;54(19):849-52.

Schwarz JS, Weisspapir MR, Friedman DI. Enhanced transdermal delivery of diazepam by submicron emulsion (SME) creams. Pharm Res. 1995 May;12(5):687-92. Pharmos Ltd., Rehovot, Israel.

Krowczynski L, Stozek T. Liposomes as drug vehicles in percutaneous therapy. Pharmazie, 1984 Sep;39(9):627-9.

Jacobs M, Martin GP, Marriott C. Effects of phosphatidylcholine on the topical bioavailability of corticosteroids assessed by the human skin blanching assay. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1988 Dec;40(12):829-33. Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic, UK.

Conte A, Ronca G, Petrini M, Mautone G. Effect of lecithin on epicutaneous absorption of diclofenac epolamine. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2002;28(6):249-55. Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.

Katahira N, Murakami T, Kugai S, Yata N, Takano M. Enhancement of topical delivery of a lipophilic drug from charged multilamellar liposomes. J Drug Target. 1999;6(6):405-14. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Japan.

Bentley MV, Marchetti JM, Ricardo N, Ali-Abi Z, Collett JH. Influence of lecithin on some physical chemical properties of poloxamer gels: rheological, microscopic and in vitro permeation studies. Int J Pharm. 1999 Dec 20;193(1):49-55. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Avada do Cafe s/n, 14049-903, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.

Sentjurc M, Vrhovnik K, Kristl J. Liposomes as a topical delivery system: the role of size on transport studied by the EPR imaging method. J Control Release. 1999 May 1;59(1):87-97. University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Kirjavainen M, Monkkonen J, Saukkosaari M, Valjakka-Koskela R, Kiesvaara J, Urtti A. Phospholipids affect stratum corneum lipid bilayer fluidity and drug partitioning into the bilayers. J Control Release. 1999 Mar 29;58(2):207-14. Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.

Uchida Y, Ogawa T, Ohta M, Kondo M, Takada S, Yamamura M. Penetration of lysophosphatidylcholine into the dermis. J Dermatol. 1991 Sep;18(9):523-7. Cosmetics Laboratory, Kanebo, LTD., Kanagawa, Japan.

Wohlrab W, Lachmann U, Lasch J. Penetration of lecithin from hydrocortisone-containing liposomes into human skin. Dermatol Monatsschr. 1989;175(6):344-7.

Hsia SL, He JL, Nie Y, Fong K, Milikowski C. The hypocholesterolemic and antiatherogenic effects of topically applied phosphatidylcholine in rabbits with heritable hypercholesterolemia. Artery. 1996;22(1):1-23. Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33101, USA.

Niacinamide

Tanno O, Ota Y, Kitamura N, Katsube T, Inoue S. Nicotinamide increases biosynthesis of ceramides as well as other stratum corneum lipids to improve the epidermal permeability barrier. Br J Dermatol. 2000 Sep;143(3):524-31. Basic Research Laboratory, Kanebo Ltd, 5-3-28 Kotobuki-cho, Odawara-shi, Kanagawa 250-0002, Japan.

Bissett D. Topical niacinamide and barrier enhancement. Cutis. 2002 Dec;70(6 Suppl):8-12; discussion 21-3. Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

Soma Y, Kashima M, Imaizumi A, Takahama H, Kawakami T, Mizoguchi M. Moisturizing effects of topical nicotinamide on atopic dry skin. Int J Dermatol. 2005 Mar;44(3):197-202. Department of Dermatology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan.

Bissett DL, Oblong JE, Berge CA. Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatol Surg. 2005 Jul;31(7 Pt 2):860-5; discussion 865. The Procter & Gamble Company, Miami Valley Laboratories, Cincinnati, Ohio 45252, USA.

Greatens A, Hakozaki T, Koshoffer A, Epstein H, Schwemberger S, Babcock G, Bissett D, Takiwaki H, Arase S, Wickett RR, Boissy RE. Effective inhibition of melanosome transfer to keratinocytes by lectins and niacinamide is reversible. Exp Dermatol. 2005 Jul;14(7):498-508. Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA.

Shalita AR, Smith JG, Parish LC, Sofman MS, Chalker DK. Topical nicotinamide compared with clindamycin gel in the treatment of inflammatory acne vulgaris. Int J Dermatol. 1995 Jun;34(6):434-7. Department of Dermatology, State University of New York, College of Medicine, Brooklyn, USA.

Bernstein JE, Lorincz AL. The effects of topical nicotinamide, tetracycline, and dapsone on potassium iodide-induced inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 1980;74:25708.

Burger DR, Vandenbark AA, Daves D, Anderson WA Jr, Vetto RM, Finke P. Nicotinamide: suppression of lymphocyte transformation with a component identified in human transfer factor. J Immunol. 1976 Sep;117(3):797-801.

Binnick SA. Pityriasis rubra pilaris responding to aminonicotinamide. Arch Dermatol. 1978 Sep;114(9):1348-9.

Zackheim HS. Treatment of psoriasis with 6-aminonicotinamide. Arch Dermatol. 1975 Jul;111(7):880-2.

Comaish JS, Felix RH, McGrath H. Topically applied niacinamide in isoniazid-induced pellagra. Arch Dermatol. 1976 Jan;112(1):70-2.

Cooper SM, Wojnarowska F. Treatments of choice for bullous pemphigoid. Skin Therapy Lett. 2002 Jan;7(1):4-6. Department of Dermatology, Oxford Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.

Kreyden OP, Borradori L, Trueb RM, Burg G, Nestle FO. Successful therapy with tetracycline and nicotinamide in cicatricial pemphigoid. Hautarzt. 2001 Mar;52(3):247-50. Dermatologische Klinik des Universitatsspitals Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zurich.

Mascaro JM Jr, Zillikens D, Giudice GJ, Caux F, Fleming MG, Katz HM, Diaz LA. A subepidermal bullous eruption associated with IgG autoantibodies to a 200 kd dermal antigen: the first case report from the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Feb;42(2 Pt 2):309-15. Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.

Hornschuh B, Hamm H, Wever S, Hashimoto T, Schroder U, Brocker EB, Zillikens D. Treatment of 16 patients with bullous pemphigoid with oral tetracycline and niacinamide and topical clobetasol. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997 Jan;36(1):101-3. Department of Dermatology, University of Wurzburg, Germany.

Mallon E, Wojnarowska F. Cicatricial pemphigoid presenting with unusual palmar involvement, successfully treated with a combination of nicotinamide and tetracycline. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1994 Nov;19(6):526-30. Department of Dermatology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.

Tischendorf L. Local nicotinamide therapy in erosive lichen of the oral mucosa. Stomatol DDR. 1978 Dec;28(12):911-4.

Zackheim HS. Topical 6-aminonicotinamide plus oral niacinamide therapy for psoriasis. Arch Dermatol. 1978 Nov;114(11):1632-8.

Jablonska S. Letter: Treatment of acne vulgaris and rosacea. Arch Dermatol. 1975 Jul;111(7):929.

Gensler HL. Prevention of photoimmunosuppression and photocarcinogenesis by topical nicotinamide. Nutr Cancer. 1997;29(2):157-62. Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arizona Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA.

Gensler HL, Williams T, Huang AC, Jacobson EL. Oral niacin prevents photocarcinogenesis and photoimmunosuppression in mice. Nutr Cancer. 1999;34(1):36-41. Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson 85724, USA.

MiGruet P, Gaillard C, Boisrame B, Duffaut D, Grimoud AM, Camy G. Use of an oral antiseptic bioadhesive tablet in dogs. J Vet Dent. 1995 Sep;12(3):87-91. VETOQUINOL Research Centre, Lure, France.

Troll W, Wiesner R, Frenkel K. Anticarcinogenic action of protease inhibitors. Adv Cancer Res. 1987;49:265-83. Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016.

Licastro F, Walford RL. Modulatory effect of nicotinamide on unscheduled DNA synthesis in lymphocytes from young and old mice. Mech Ageing Dev. 1986 Jul;35(2):123-31.