Medical References R-Z

Resveratrol

Jang M, Cai L, Udeani GO, Slowing KV, Thomas CF, Beecher CW, Fong HH, Farnsworth NR, Kinghorn AD, Mehta RG, Moon RC, Pezzuto JM. Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes. Science. 1997 Jan 10;275(5297):218-20. Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA.

Aziz MH, Reagan-Shaw S, Wu J, Longley BJ, Ahmad N. Chemoprevention of skin cancer by grape constituent resveratrol: relevance to human disease? " FASEB J. 2005 Jul;19(9):1193-5. Epub 2005 Apr 18. Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Wu JM, Wang ZR, Hsieh TC, Bruder JL, Zou JG, Huang YZ. Mechanism of cardioprotection by resveratrol, a phenolic antioxidant present in red wine. Int J Mol Med. 2001 Jul;8(1):3-17. New York Medical College, Room 147, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Sciences Building, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.

Zhuang H, Kim YS, Koehler RC, Dore S. Potential mechanism by which resveratrol, a red wine constituent, protects neurons. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 May;993:276-86; discussion 287-8. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.

Juan ME, Vinardell MP, Planas JM. The daily oral administration of high doses of trans-resveratrol to rats for 28 days is not harmful. J Nutr. 2002 Feb;132(2):257-60. Departament de Fisiologia-Divisio IV, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.

Adhami VM, Afaq F, Ahmad N. Suppression of ultraviolet B exposure-mediated activation of NF-kappaB in normal human keratinocytes by resveratrol. Neoplasia. 2003 Jan-Feb;5(1):74-82. Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Afaq F, Adhami VM, Ahmad N. Prevention of short-term ultraviolet B radiation-mediated damages by resveratrol in SKH-1 hairless mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2003 Jan 1;186(1):28-37. Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Reagan-Shaw S, Afaq F, Aziz MH, Ahmad N. Modulations of critical cell cycle regulatory events during chemoprevention of ultraviolet B-mediated responses by resveratrol in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin. Oncogene. 2004 Jul 1;23(30):5151-60. Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Fu ZD, Cao Y, Wang KF, Xu SF, Han R. Chemopreventive effect of resveratrol to cancer. A Zheng. 2004 Aug;23(8):869-73. Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.

Lin CB, Babiarz L, Liebel F, Roydon Price E, Kizoulis M, Gendimenico GJ, Fisher DE, Seiberg M. Modulation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor gene expression alters skin pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol. 2002 Dec;119(6):1330-40. Johnson & Johnson Skin Research Center, CPWW, Skillman, NJ 08558, USA.

Jang M, Pezzuto JM. Effects of resveratrol on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced oxidative events and gene expression in mouse skin. Cancer Lett. 1998 Dec 11;134(1):81-9. Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA.

Lee SK, Mbwambo ZH, Chung H, Luyengi L, Gamez EJ, Mehta RG, Kinghorn AD, Pezzuto JM. Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of natural products. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 1998 Apr;1(1):35-46. Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612, USA.

She QB, Bode AM, Ma WY, Chen NY, Dong Z. Resveratrol-induced activation of p53 and apoptosis is mediated by extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinases and p38 kinase. Cancer Res. 2001 Feb 15;61(4):1604-10. The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin 55912, USA.

Kapadia GJ, Azuine MA, Tokuda H, Takasaki M, Mukainaka T, Konoshima T, Nishino H. Chemopreventive effect of resveratrol, sesamol, sesame oil and sunflower oil in the Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation assay and the mouse skin two-stage carcinogenesis. Pharmacol Res. 2002 Jun;45(6):499-505. Laboratory of Natural Drug Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Howard University, 2300 4th Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA.

Bhat KP, Pezzuto JM. Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 May;957:210-29. Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, and University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.

Soleas GJ, Grass L, Josephy PD, Goldberg DM, Diamandis EP. A comparison of the anticarcinogenic properties of four red wine polyphenols. Clin Biochem. 2002 Mar;35(2):119-24. Quality Assurance Department, Liquor Control Board of Ontario, 55 Lakeshore Blvd. E., Toronto, Ontario M5E 1A4, Canada.

Bode AM, Dong Z. Signal transduction pathways: targets for chemoprevention of skin cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2000 Nov;1:181-8. Review. Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin 55912, USA.

Ding XZ, Adrian TE. Resveratrol inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells. Pancreas. 2002 Nov;25(4):e71-6. Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Delmas D, Rebe C, Lacour S, Filomenko R, Athias A, Gambert P, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Jannin B, Dubrez-Daloz L, Latruffe N, Solary E. Resveratrol-induced apoptosis is associated with Fas redistribution in the rafts and the formation of a death-inducing signaling complex in colon cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 17;278(42):41482-90. Epub 2003 Aug 05. INSERM U517, IFR100 Faculty of Medicine, 7 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France.

Cuendet M, Pezzuto JM. The role of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase in cancer chemoprevention. Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 2000;17(1-4):109-57. Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, and University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA.

Godichaud S, Krisa S, Couronne B, Dubuisson L, Merillon JM, Desmouliere A, Rosenbaum J. Deactivation of cultured human liver myofibroblasts by trans-resveratrol, a grapevine-derived polyphenol. Hepatology. 2000 Apr;31(4):922-31. Groupe de Recherches pour l'Etude du Foie INSERM E9917, Faculte des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Universite Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France.

Hsieh TC, Wu JM. Differential effects on growth, cell cycle arrest, and induction of apoptosis by resveratrol in human prostate cancer cell lines. Exp Cell Res. 1999 May 25;249(1):109-15. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA.

Huang C, Ma WY, Goranson A, Dong Z. Resveratrol suppresses cell transformation and induces apoptosis through a p53-dependent pathway. Carcinogenesis. 1999 Feb;20(2):237-42. The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin 55912, USA.

Brito P, Almeida LM, Dinis TC. The interaction of resveratrol with ferrylmyoglobin and peroxynitrite; protection against LDL oxidation. Free Radic Res. 2002 Jun;36(6):621-31. Laboratorio de Bioquimica, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade de Coimbra and Centro de Neurociencias, Couraca dos Apostolos, 51, r/c, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal.

Das DK, Sato M, Ray PS, Maulik G, Engelman RM, Bertelli AA, Bertelli A. Cardioprotection of red wine: role of polyphenolic antioxidants. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1999;25(2-3):115-20. Review. University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1110, USA.

Haider UG, Sorescu D, Griendling KK, Vollmar AM, Dirsch VM. Resveratrol suppresses angiotensin II-induced Akt/protein kinase B and p70 S6 kinase phosphorylation and subsequent hypertrophy in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 Oct;62(4):772-7. Department of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Research, University of Munich, Germany.

Murcia MA, Martinez-Tome M. Antioxidant activity of resveratrol compared with common food additives. J Food Prot. 2001 Mar;64(3):379-84. Department of Food Science, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Spain.

Huang SS, Tsai MC, Chih CL, Hung LM, Tsai SK. Resveratrol reduction of infarct size in Long-Evans rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. Life Sci. 2001 Jul 20;69(9):1057-65. Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei.

Jang JH, Surh YJ. Protective effect of resveratrol on beta-amyloid-induced oxidative PC12 cell death. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003 Apr 15;34(8):1100-10. Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.

Sun AY, Sun GY. Ethanol and oxidative mechanisms in the brain. J Biomed Sci. 2001 Jan-Feb;8(1):37-43. Department of Pharmacology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.

Cantos E, Garcia-Viguera C, de Pascual-Teresa S, Tomas-Barberan FA. Effect of postharvest ultraviolet irradiation on resveratrol and other phenolics of cv. Napoleon table grapes. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Oct;48(10):4606-12. Laboratorio de Fitoquimica, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Alimentos, CEBAS (CSIC), P.O. Box 4195, Murcia 30080, Spain.

Gupta YK, Briyal S, Chaudhary G. Protective effect of trans-resveratrol against kainic acid-induced seizures and oxidative stress in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002 Jan-Feb;71(1-2):245-9. Department of Pharmacology, Neuropharmacology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.

Docherty JJ, Smith JS, Fu MM, Stoner T, Booth T. Effect of topically applied resveratrol on cutaneous herpes simplex virus infections in hairless mice. Antiviral Res. 2004 Jan;61(1):19-26. Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Northeastern Ohio Universities, College of Medicine, PO Box 95, State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA.

Chan MM. Antimicrobial effect of resveratrol on dermatophytes and bacterial pathogens of the skin. Biochem Pharmacol. 2002 Jan 15;63(2):99-104. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.

Jang JH, Surh YJ. Protective effects of resveratrol on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Mutat Res. 2001 Sep 20;496(1-2):181-90. College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Shinlim-dong, Kwanak-ku, 151-742, Seoul, South Korea.

Squalane

Ekanayake Mudiyanselage S, Hamburger M, Elsner P, Thiele JJ. Ultraviolet a induces generation of squalene monohydroperoxide isomers in human sebum and skin surface lipids in vitro and in vivo. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Jun;120(6):915-22. Department of Dermatology and Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Erfurter Strasse 35, D-07740 Jena, Germany.

Wille JJ, Kydonieus A. Palmitoleic acid isomer (C16:1delta6) in human skin sebum is effective against gram-positive bacteria. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2003 May-Jun;16(3):176-87. ConvaTec, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, NJ, USA.

Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage S, Tavakkol A, Polefka TG, Nabi Z, Elsner P, Thiele JJ. Vitamin E delivery to human skin by a rinse-off product: penetration of alpha-tocopherol versus wash-out effects of skin surface lipids. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2005 Jan-Feb;18(1):20-6. Department of Dermatology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.

Kohno Y, Egawa Y, Itoh S, Nagaoka S, Takahashi M, Mukai K. Kinetic study of quenching reaction of singlet oxygen and scavenging reaction of free radical by squalene in n-butanol. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995 Apr 28;1256(1):52-6. Shiseido Research Center, Yokohama, Japan.

Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage S, Kraemer K, Thiele JJ. Oral supplementation with all-Rac- and RRR-alpha-tocopherol increases vitamin E levels in human sebum after a latency period of 14-21 days. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Dec;1031:184-94. Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.

Motoyoshi K. Enhanced comedo formation in rabbit ear skin by squalene and oleic acid peroxides. Br J Dermatol. 1983 Aug;109(2):191-8.

Giacomoni PU, Declercq L, Hellemans L, Maes D. Aging of human skin: review of a mechanistic model and first experimental data. IUBMB Life. 2000 Apr;49(4):259-63. Clinique Research Laboratories, Melville, NY, USA.

Okuda M, Yoshiike T, Ogawa H. Detergent-induced epidermal barrier dysfunction and its prevention. J Dermatol Sci. 2002 Dec;30(3):173-9. Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.

Kelly GS. Squalene and its potential clinical uses. Altern Med Rev. 1999 Feb;4(1):29-36.

Smith TJ. Squalene: potential chemopreventive agent. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2000 Aug;9(8):1841-8. University of South Carolina, College of Pharmacy, Coker Life Sciences, 700 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.

Murakoshi M, Nishino H, Tokuda H, Iwashima A, Okuzumi J, Kitano H, Iwasaki R. Inhibition by squalene of the tumor-promoting activity of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in mouse-skin carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer. 1992 Dec 2;52(6):950-2. Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan.

Desai KN, Wei H, Lamartiniere CA. The preventive and therapeutic potential of the squalene-containing compound, Roidex, on tumor promotion and regression. Cancer Lett. 1996 Mar 19;101(1):93-6. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA.

Van Duuren BL, Goldschmidt BM. Cocarcinogenic and tumor-promoting agents in tobacco carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1976 Jun;56(6):1237-42.

Skopinska-Rozewska E, Chorostowska-Wynimko J, Krotkiewski M, Rogala E, Sommer E, Demkow U, Skurzak H. Inhibitory effect of Greenland shark liver oil combined with squalen and arctic birch ashes on angiogenesis and L-1 sarcoma growth in Balb/c mice. Pol J Vet Sci. 2003;6(3 Suppl):54-6. Dept. Lab. Diagnostics and Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, 26 Plocka street, Poland.

Gloor M, Baumann C, Friederich HC. Biochemical and physiological parameters on the healthy skin surface of patients with common warts. Dermatologica. 1976;152(3):152-7.

Superoxide Dismutase

Emerit I. Free radicals and aging of the skin. EXS. 1992;62:328-41. Free Radical Research Group, University of Paris VI, France.

Thomas P. Physiopathologic mechanisms of photo-induced cutaneous alterations. Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet. 1991 Jun;86(6):443-7. Service de Dermatologie, Hopital Claude-Huriez, CHU, Lille.

Tsuji T. Aging of the skin. Nipping Hifuka Gakkai Zasshi. 1990 Nov;100(13):1345-7.

Dalle Carbonare M, Pathak MA. Skin photosensitizing agents and the role of reactive oxygen species in photoaging. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1992 Jun 30;14(1-2):105-24. Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114.

Naderi-Hachtroudi L, Peters T, Brenneisen P, Meewes C, Hommel C, Razi-Wolf Z, Schneider LA, Schuller J, Wlaschek M, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Induction of manganese superoxide dismutase in human dermal fibroblasts: a UV-B-mediated paracrine mechanism with the release of epidermal interleukin 1 alpha, interleukin 1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Arch Dermatol. 2002 Nov; 138(11):1473-9. Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Germany.

Laemmel E, Bonnardel-Phu E, Hou X, Seror J, Vicaut E. Interaction between nitric oxide and prostanoids in arterioles of rat cremaster muscle in vivo. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003 Sep;285(3):H1254-60. Epub 2003 May 1. Laboratoire d'Etude de la Microcirculation, Departement de Biophysique, Hopital F. Widal, 200 rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France.

Campana F, Zervoudis S, Perdereau B, Gez E, Fourquet A, Badiu C, Tsakiris G, Koulaloglou S. Topical superoxide dismutase reduces post-irradiation breast cancer fibrosis. J Cell Mol Med. 2004 Jan-Mar;8(1):109-16. Department of Radiotherapy, Institute Curie, Paris, France.

Lorette G, Machet L. Radiation-induced skin toxicities: prevention, treatment. Cancer Radiother. 2001 Nov;5 Suppl 1:116s-120s. Service de dermatologie, CHU Trousseau, 37044 Tours, France.

Peter RU, Gottlober P. Management of cutaneous radiation injuries: diagnostic and therapeutic principles of the cutaneous radiation syndrome. Mil Med. 2002 Feb;167(2 Suppl):110-2. Department of Dermatology, University of Ulm, Armed Forces Hospital Ulm, Germany.

Gottlober P, Krahn G, Peter RU. Cutaneous radiation syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis and therapy. Hautarzt. 2000 Aug;51(8):567-74. Abteilung fur Dermatologie (BWK), Universitatsklinikum Ulm. Petra.

Wheeler DL, Ness KJ, Oberley TD, Verma AK. Protein kinase Cepsilon is linked to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha ectodomain shedding and the development of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in protein kinase Cepsilon transgenic mice. Cancer Res. 2003 Oct 1;63(19):6547-55. Department of Human Oncology, Medical School, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA.

Yasui H, Sakurai H. Chemiluminescent detection and imaging of reactive oxygen species in live mouse skin exposed to UVA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Mar 5;269(1):131-6. Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan.

Bernstein EF, Kong SK, Brown DB, Kwak BC, Takeuchi T, Gasparro FP, Uitto J. The nitroxide Tempol affords protection against ultraviolet radiation in a transgenic murine fibroblast culture model of cutaneous photoaging. Exp Dermatol. 2001 Feb;10(1):55-61. Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.

Sander CS, Chang H, Salzmann S, Muller CS, Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage S, Elsner P, Thiele JJ. Photoaging is associated with protein oxidation in human skin in vivo. J Invest Dermatol. 2002 Apr;118(4):618-25. Department of Dermatology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.

Wenk J, Brenneisen P, Meewes C, Wlaschek M, Peters T, Blaudschun R, Ma W, Kuhr L, Schneider L, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. UV-induced oxidative stress and photoaging. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2001;29:83-94. Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Germany.

Vorauer-Uhl K, Furnschlief E, Wagner A, Ferko B, Katinger H. Reepithelialization of experimental scalds effected by topically applied superoxide dismutase: controlled animal studies. Wound Repair Regen. 2002 Nov-Dec;10(6):366-71. Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna.

Paramonov BA, Galenko-Yaroshevskii VP, Turkovskii II, Zinovev EV, Churilova IV, Gumenjuk ES, Karnovich AG. Ointments with superoxide dismutase and interleukin-1beta: effect on reparative processes and impedance of burn wound. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2005 Jan;139(1):56-9. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2005 Jan;139(1):56-9.

Masaki H, Okano Y, Sakurai H. Generation of active oxygen species from advanced glycation end-products (AGE) under ultraviolet light A (UVA) irradiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 Jun 18;235(2):306-10. Shiga Research, Noevir Co., Ltd., Okada-cho, Youkaichi, Japan.

Di Mambro VM, Campos PM, Fonseca MJ. Physical and chemical stability of different formulations with superoxide dismutase. Pharmazie. 2004 Oct;59(10):786-90. Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Titanium Dioxide

Schwarz VA, Klein SD, Hornung R, Knochenmuss R, Wyss P, Fink D, Haller U, Walt H. Skin protection for photosensitized patients. Lasers Surg Med. 2001;29(3):252-9. Research Division of Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.

Moseley H, Cameron H, MacLeod T, Clark C, Dawe R, Ferguson J. New sunscreens confer improved protection for photosensitive patients in the blue light region. Br J Dermatol. 2001 Nov;145(5):789-94. The Photobiology Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.

Wolf R, Matz H, Orion E, Lipozencic J. Sunscreens-the ultimate cosmetic. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2003;11(3):158-62. Dermatology Unit, Kaplan Medical Center, 76100 Rechovot, Israel.

Gamer AO, Leibold E, van Ravenzwaay B. The in vitro absorption of microfine zinc oxide and titanium dioxide through porcine skin. Toxicol In Vitro. 2005 Sep 20; BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, GVT Z 470, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, D-67056 Ludwigshafen/Rhein, Germany.

Rouabhia M, Mitchell DL, Rhainds M, Claveau J, Drouin R. A physical sunscreen protects engineered human skin against artificial solar ultraviolet radiation-induced tissue and DNA damage. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2002 Jul;1(7):471-7. Unite de Biotechnologie, Hopital Saint-Francois d'Assise, CHUQ, Division of Pathology, Department of Medical Biology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.

Schulz J, Hohenberg H, Pflucker F, Gartner E, Will T, Pfeiffer S, Wepf R, Wendel V, Gers-Barlag H, Wittern KP. Distribution of sunscreens on skin. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002 Nov 1;54 Suppl 1:S157-63. &D Cosmed, Beiersdorf AG, Function 4243, Unnastrasse 48, D-20245, Hamburg, Germany.

van der Molen RG, Out-Luiting C, Driller H, Claas FH, Koerten HK, Mommaas AM. Broad-spectrum sunscreens offer protection against urocanic acid photoisomerization by artificial ultraviolet radiation in human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2000 Sep;115(3):421-6. Center for Electron Microscopy, Departments of Dermatology and Immunohaematology and Bloodbank, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Lademann J, Weigmann H, Rickmeyer C, Barthelmes H, Schaefer H, Mueller G, Sterry W. Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the follicular orifice. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 1999 Sep-Oct;12(5):247-56. Dermatological Clinic, Medical Faculty Charite, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany.

van der Molen RG, Hurks HM, Out-Luiting C, Spies F, van't Noordende JM, Koerten HK, Mommaas AM. Efficacy of micronized titanium dioxide-containing compounds in protection against UVB-induced immunosuppression in humans in vivo. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1998 Jul 10;44(2):143-50. Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands.

Stokes R, Diffey B. How well are sunscreen users protected? Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1997 Oct-Dec;13(5-6):186-8. Regional Medical Physics Department, Dryburn Hospital, Durham, UK.

Bestak R, Halliday GM. Sunscreens protect from UV-promoted squamous cell carcinoma in mice chronically irradiated with doses of UV radiation insufficient to cause edema. Photochem Photobiol. 1996 Jul;64(1):188-93. Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Sydney, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.

Bestak R, Barnetson RS, Nearn MR, Halliday GM. Sunscreen protection of contact hypersensitivity responses from chronic solar-simulated ultraviolet irradiation correlates with the absorption spectrum of the sunscreen. J Invest Dermatol. 1995 Sep;105(3):345-51. Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Sydney, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Odio MR, Veres DA, Goodman JJ, Irwin C, Robinson LR, Martinez J, Kraus AL. Comparative efficacy of sunscreen reapplication regimens in children exposed to ambient sunlight. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1994 Jun;10(3):118-25. Sharon Woods Technical Center, Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45241.

Roelandts R. Which components in broad-spectrum sunscreens are most necessary for adequate UVA protection? J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991 Dec;25(6 Pt 1):999-1004. Photodermatology Unit, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium.

Diffey BL, Farr PM. Sunscreen protection against UVB, UVA and blue light: an in vivo and in vitro comparison. Br J Dermatol. 1991 Mar;124(3):258-63. Regional Medical Physics Department, Dryburn Hospital, Durham, U.K.

Cayrol C, Sarraute J, Tarroux R, Redoules D, Charveron M, Gall Y. A mineral sunscreen affords genomic protection against ultraviolet (UV) B and UVA radiation: in vitro and in situ assays. Br J Dermatol. 1999 Aug;141(2):250-8. Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Cutanee, Institut de Recherche Dermo-Cosmetique Pierre Fabre, Faculte de Medecine Rangueil, 133 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France.

Pinnell SR, Fairhurst D, Gillies R, Mitchnick MA, Kollias N. Microfine zinc oxide is a superior sunscreen ingredient to microfine titanium dioxide. Dermatol Surg. 2000 Apr;26(4):309-14. Division of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

Suzuki M. Protective effect of fine-particle titanium dioxide on UVB-induced DNA damage in hairless mouse skin. Photodermatol. 1987 Aug;4(4):209-11. Pola Laboratories, Yokohama, Japan.

Gustavsson Gonzalez H, Farbrot A, Larko O. Percutaneous absorption of benzophenone-3, a common component of topical sunscreens. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2002 Nov;27(8):691-4. Departments of Dermatology, and Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Goteborg, Sweden.

Puccetti G, Leblanc RM. A sunscreen-tanning compromise: 3D visualization of the actions of titanium dioxide particles and dihydroxyacetone on human epiderm. Photochem Photobiol. 2000 Apr;71(4):426-30. Center for Supramolecular Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124-0431, USA.

Pflucker F, Wendel V, Hohenberg H, Gartner E, Will T, Pfeiffer S, Wepf R, Gers-Barlag H. The human stratum corneum layer: an effective barrier against dermal uptake of different forms of topically applied micronised titanium dioxide. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2001;14 Suppl 1:92-7. Research and Development, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.

Topical Nutrient Skin Treatment

Yoshikawa K. Vitamin and dermatology. Nippon Rinsho. 1999 Oct; 57(10):2385-9. Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine.

Thiele JJ, Schroeter C, Hsieh SN, Podda M, Packer L. The antioxidant network of the stratum corneum. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2001;29:26-42. Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.

Glaser DA, Rogers C. Topical and systemic therapies for the aging face. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2001 May;9(2):189-96, vii. Department of Dermatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA.

Tavakkol A, Nabi Z, Soliman N, Polefka TG. Delivery of vitamin E to the skin by a novel liquid skin cleanser: comparison of topical versus oral supplementation. J Cosmet Sci. 2004 Mar-Apr;55(2):177-87. Colgate-Palmolive Company, 909 River Road, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA.

Lin JY, Selim MA, Shea CR, Grichnik JM, Omar MM, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Pinnell SR. UV photoprotection by combination topical antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 Jun;48(6):866-74. Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.

Quevedo WC Jr., Holstein TJ, Dyckman J, McDonald CJ. The responses of the human epidermal melanocyte system to chronic erythemal doses of UVR in skin protected by topical applications of a combination of vitamins C and E. Pigment Cell Res. 2000 Jun;13(3):190-2.

Porto da Rocha R, Lucio DP, Souza Tde L, Pereira ST, Fernandes GJ. Effects of a vitamin pool (vitamins A, E, and C) on the tissue necrosis process: experimental study on rats. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2002 May-Jun;26(3):197-202. Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Uteshev BS, Bystrova NA, Brovkina IL, Avakian AR. Immunomodulating and antioxidant effects of vitamins A and E during air and immersion cooling. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2001 Jan-Feb;64(1):60-2. Pharmacology Department, State Medical University, ul. Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow, 117437 Russia.

Rinne T, Mutschler E, Wimmer-Greinecker G, Moritz A, Olbrich HG. Vitamins C and E protect isolated cardiomyocytes against oxidative damage. Int J Cardiol. 2000 Sep 15;75(2-3):275-81. Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.

Kessler M, Ubeaud G, Walter T, Sturm F, Jung L. Free radical scavenging and skin penetration of troxerutin and vitamin derivatives. Laboratoire de Chimie Therapeutique, Faculte de pharmacie de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France. J Dermatolog Treat. 2002 Sep;13(3):133-41.

Steenvoorden DP, Beijersbergen van Henegouwen G. Protection against UV-induced systemic immunosuppression in mice by a single topical application of the antioxidant vitamins C and E. Int J Radiat Biol. 1999 Jun;75(6):747-55. Department of Medicinal Photochemistry, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, University of Leiden, The Netherlands.

Moison RM, Doerga R, M J Beijersbergen Van Henegouwen G. Increased antioxidant potential of combined topical vitamin E and C against lipid peroxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid in pig skin induced by simulated solar radiation. Int J Radiat Biol. 2002 Dec;78(12):1185-93. Department of Medicinal Photochemistry, Leiden/ Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, University of Leiden, PO Box 9502, The Netherlands.

Greul AK, Grundmann JU, Heinrich F, Pfitzner I, Bernhardt J, Ambach A, Biesalski HK, Gollnick H. Photoprotection of UV-irradiated human skin: an antioxidative combination of vitamins E and C, carotenoids, selenium and proanthocyanidins. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2002 Sep-Oct;15(5):307-15. Department of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.

Offord EA, Gautier JC, Avanti O, Scaletta C, Runge F, Kramer K, Applegate LA. Photoprotective potential of lycopene, beta-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C and carnosic acid in UVA-irradiated human skin fibroblasts. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 Jun 15;32(12):1293-303. Nestle Research Center, Department of Nutrition, Lausanne, Switzerland. Elizabeth.Offord-cavin@rdls.nestle.com .

Noaman E, Zahran AM, Kamal AM, Omran MF. Vitamin E and selenium administration as a modulator of antioxidant defense system: biochemical assessment and modification. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2002 Apr;86(1):55-64. Department of Biological Radiation, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.

Burke KE, Clive J, Combs GF Jr., Nakamura RM. Effects of topical L-selenomethionine with topical and oral vitamin E on pigmentation and skin cancer induced by ultraviolet irradiation in Skh:2 hairless mice. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 Sep;49(3):458-72. Department of Biostatistics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA.

Yamamoto Y. Role of active oxygen species and antioxidants in photoaging. J Dermatol Sci. 2001 Aug;27 Suppl 1:S1-4. Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Tokyo, Japan.

Robert-Gero M, Lawrence F, Vigier P. Reversible inhibition by methioninyl adenylate of protein synthesis and growth in chick enbyo fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1975 Apr 7;63(3):594-600.

Moison RM, Beijersbergen van Henegouwen GM. Topical antioxidant vitamins C and E prevent UVB-radiation-induced peroxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid in pig skin. Radiat Res. 2002 Apr;157(4):402-9. Department of Medicinal Photochemistry, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.

Keller KL, Fenske NA. Uses of vitamins A, C, and E and related compounds in dermatology: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998 Oct;39(4 Pt 1):611-25. Department of Dermatology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, USA.

Stab F, Wolber R, Blatt T, Keyhani R, Sauermann G. Topically applied antioxidants in skin protection. Methods Enzymol. 2000;319:465-78. Department of Skin Physiology, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany.

Cario-Andre M, Briganti S, Picardo M, Nikaido O, Gall Y, Ginestar J, Taieb A. Epidermal reconstructs: a new tool to study topical and systemic photoprotective molecules. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2002 Nov;68(2-3):79-87. Unite de Dermatologie, Laboratoire de Pathologie Moleculaire et Therapie Genique, INSERM 0217, Universite Victor Segalen, 146 rue Leo Saignat, Batiment TP ouest, 4eme etage, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.

Lee AR., Tojo K. An experimental approach to study the binding properties of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) during hairless mouse skin permeation. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2001 Jun;49(6):659-63. College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Korea.

Baschong W, Artmann C, Hueglin D, Roeding J. Direct evidence for bioconversion of vitamin E acetate into vitamin E: an ex vivo study in viable human skin. J Cosmet Sci. 2001 May-Jun;52(3):155-61. M. E. Mueller Institute at the Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.

Rangarajan M, Zatz J.L. Kinetics of permeation and metabolism of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl acetate in micro-Yucatan pig skin. J Cosmet Sci. 2001 Jan-Feb;52(1):35-50. Rutgers State University of New Jersey, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA.

McVean M, Liebler DC. Prevention of DNA photodamage by vitamin E compounds and sunscreens: roles of ultraviolet absorbance and cellular uptake. Mol Carcinog. 1999 Mar;24(3):169-76. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.

Tran C, Sorg O, Carraux P, Didierjean L, Saurat JH. Topical delivery of retinoids counteracts the UVB-induced epidermal vitamin A depletion in hairless mouse. Photochem Photobiol. 2001 Apr;73(4):425-31. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.

Sorg O, Tran C, Carraux P, Didierjean L, Saurat J. Retinol and retinyl ester epidermal pools are not identically sensitive to UVB irradiation and anti-oxidant protective effect. Dermatology. 1999;199(4):302-7. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.

Sorg O, Didierjean L, Saurat JH. Metabolism of topical retinaldehyde. Dermatology. 1999;199 Suppl 1:13-7. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.

Gonzalez S, Pathak MA. Inhibition of ultraviolet-induced formation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, erythema and skin photosensitization by polypodium leucotomos. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1996 Apr; 12(2):45-56. Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.

Ahmad N, Gilliam AC, Katiyar SK, O'Brien TG, Mukhtar H. A definitive role of ornithine decarboxylase in photocarcinogenesis. Am J Pathol. 2001 Sep; 159(3):885-92. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.

Afaq F, Mukhtar H. Photochemoprevention by botanical antioxidants. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2002 Sep-Oct; 15(5):297-306. Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

Wei H, Zhang X, Wang Y, Lebwohl M. Inhibition of ultraviolet light-induced oxidative events in the skin and internal organs of hairless mice by isoflavone genistein. Cancer Lett. 2002 Nov 8;185(1):21-9. Department of Dermatology, Box 1047, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA.

Wilgus TA, Ross MS, Parrett ML, Oberyszyn TM. Topical application of a selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor suppresses UVB mediated cutaneous inflammation. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2000 Oct; 62(4):367-84. Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.

Ursolic Acid

Both DM, Goodtzova K, Yarosh DB, Brown DA. Liposome-encapsulated ursolic acid increases ceramides and collagen in human skin cells. Arch Dermatol Res. 2002 Jan;293(11):569-75. AGI Dermatics, Freeport, NY 11520, USA.

Yarosh DB, Both D, Brown D. Liposomal ursolic acid (merotaine) increases ceramides and collagen in human skin. Horm Res. 2000;54(5-6):318-21. AGI Dermatics, Freeport, NY 11520, USA.

Huang MT, Ho CT, Wang ZY, Ferraro T, Lou YR, Stauber K, Ma W, Georgiadis C, Laskin JD, Conney AH. Inhibition of skin tumorigenesis by rosemary and its constituents carnosol and ursolic acid. Cancer Res. 1994 Feb 1;54(3):701-8. Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08855-0789.

Taniguchi S, Imayoshi Y, Kobayashi E, Takamatsu Y, Ito H, Hatano T, Sakagami H, Tokuda H, Nishino H, Sugita D, Shimura S, Yoshida T. Production of bioactive triterpenes by Eriobotrya japonica calli. Phytochemistry. 2002 Feb;59(3):315-23. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.

Chattopadhyay D, Arunachalam G, Mandal AB, Sur TK, Mandal SC, Bhattacharya SK. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of folklore: Mallotus peltatus leaf extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Oct;82(2-3):229-37. ICMR Virus Unit Calcutta, I.D. and B.G. Hospital, GB 4, 57 Dr. Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India.

Banno N, Akihisa T, Tokuda H, Yasukawa K, Higashihara H, Ukiya M, Watanabe K, Kimura Y, Hasegawa J, Nishino H. Triterpene acids from the leaves of Perilla frutescens and their anti-inflammatory and antitumor-promoting effects. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2004 Jan;68(1):85-90. Ichimaru Pharcos Company Ltd., Gifu, Japan.

Ismaili H, Sosa S, Brkic D, Fkih-Tetouani S, Ilidrissi A, Touati D, Aquino RP, Tubaro A. Topical anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and compounds from Thymus broussonettii. Faculte de Medecine et Pharmacie, Universite Mohammed V, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Morocco.

Ismaili H, Tortora S, Sosa S, Fkih-Tetouani S, Ilidrissi A, Della Loggia R, Tubaro A, Aquino R. Topical anti-inflammatory activity of Thymus willdenowii. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2001 Dec;53(12):1645-52. Faculte de Medecine et Pharmacie, Universite Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco.

Banno N, Akihisa T, Tokuda H, Yasukawa K, Higashihara H, Ukiya M, Watanabe K, Kimura Y, Hasegawa J, Nishino H. Triterpene acids from the leaves of Perilla frutescens and their anti-inflammatory and antitumor-promoting effects. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2004 Jan;68(1):85-90. Ichimaru Pharcos Company Ltd., Gifu, Japan.

Manez S, Recio MC, Giner RM, Rios JL. Effect of selected triterpenoids on chronic dermal inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Sep 3;334(1):103-5. Departament de Farmacologia, Universitat de Valencia, Spain.

Harmand PO, Duval R, Delage C, Simon A. Ursolic acid induces apoptosis through mitochondrial intrinsic pathway and caspase-3 activation in M4Beu melanoma cells. Int J Cancer. 2005 Mar 10;114(1):1-11. Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique, UPRES EA 1085, Faculte de Pharmacie, Limoges Cedex, France.

Tokuda H, Ohigashi H, Koshimizu K, Ito Y. Inhibitory effects of ursolic and oleanolic acid on skin tumor promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Cancer Lett. 1986 Dec;33(3):279-85. Tokuda H, Ohigashi H, Koshimizu K, Ito Y.

Soo Lee Y, Jin DQ, Beak SM, Lee ES, Kim JA. Inhibition of ultraviolet-A-modulated signaling pathways by asiatic acid and ursolic acid in HaCaT human keratinocytes. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003 Aug 29;476(3):173-8. College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 132-714, South Korea.

Zinc

Hallmans G. Treatment of burns with zinc-tape. A study of local absorption of zinc in humans. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1977;11(2):155-61.

J.K. Chesters. Zinc in Human Biology. C.F. Mills, ed,. ILSI, Springer-Verlag, London, 109-117 (1989).

B.E. Golden. Zinc in Human Biology. C.F. Mills, ed,. ILSI, Springer-Verlag, London, 119-128 (1989).

Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutases. Annu Rev Biochem. 1975;44:147-59.

Abel J, de Ruiter N. Inhibition of hydroxyl-radical-generated DNA degradation by metallothionein. Toxicol Lett. 1989 May;47(2):191-6. Medical Institute of Environmental Hygiene, Department of Toxicology, Dusseldorf, F.R.G.

Record IR, MacQueen SE, Dreosti IE. Zinc, iron, vitamin E, and erythrocyte stability in the rat. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1989-90 Winter;23:89-96. CSIRO Division of Human Nutrition, Adelaide, South Australia.

Martin SJ, Cotter TG. Ultraviolet B irradiation of human leukemia HL-60 cells in vitro induces apoptosis. Int J Radiat Biol. 1991 Apr;59(4):1001-16. Department of Biology, St Patrick's College, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Republic of Ireland.

Richard MJ, Guiraud P, Leccia MT, Beani JC, Favier A. Effect of zinc supplementation on resistance of cultured human skin fibroblasts toward oxidant stress. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1993 May-Jun;37(2-3):187-99. Laboratoire de Biochimie C, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire A. Michallon, Grenoble, France.

Record IR, Jannes M, Dreosti IE. Protection by zinc against UVA- and UVB-induced cellular and genomic damage in vivo and in vitro. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996 Summer;53(1-3):19-25. CSIRO Division of Human Nutrition, Adelaide, S. Australia.

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Khettab N, Amory MC, Briand G, Bousque