Medical References A-C

You can read at least the précis of the hyperlinked articles cited here at the National Library of Medicine. Click the link to the précis on the PubMed portal provided by the National Institutes of Health.

Vitamin A (Retinol, Retinaldehyde, & Retinyl-Esters

Uteshev BS, Brovkina IL, Bystrova NA, Avakian AR. Immunomodulating effect of vitamin A and E preparations during deep local cooling. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2001 May-Jun;64(3):56-60. Pharmacology Department, State Medical University, ul. Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow, 117437 Russia.

Fluhr JW, Vienne MP, Lauze C, Dupuy P, Gehring W, Gloor M. Tolerance profile of retinol, retinaldehyde and retinoic acid under maximized and long-term clinical conditions. Dermatology. 1999;199 Suppl 1:57-60. Department of Dermatology, Klinikum Karlsruhe, Germany.

Saurat JH. Skin, sun, and vitamin A: from aging to cancer. J Dermatol. 2001 Nov;28(11):595-8. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and DHURDV, Geneva CH, Switzerland.

Sorg O, Tran C, Carraux P, Didierjean L, Falson F, Saurat JH. Oxidative stress-independent depletion of epidermal vitamin A by UVA. J Invest Dermatol. 2002 Mar;118(3):513-8. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.

Sorg O, Tran C, Saurat JH. Cutaneous vitamins A and E in the context of ultraviolet- or chemically-induced oxidative stress. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2001 Nov-Dec;14(6):363-72. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.

Didierjean L, Tran C, Sorg O, Saurat JH. Biological activities of topical retinaldehyde. Dermatology. 1999;199 Suppl 1:19-24. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.

Boisnic S, Branchet-Gumila MC, Le Charpentier Y, Segard C. Repair of UVA-induced elastic fiber and collagen damage by 0.05% retinaldehyde cream in an ex vivo human skin model. Dermatology. 1999;199 Suppl 1:43-8. Department of Pathology, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France.

Diridollou S, Vienne MP, Alibert M, Aquilina C, Briant A, Dahan S, Denis P, Launais B, Turlier V, Dupuy P. Efficacy of topical 0.05% retinaldehyde in skin aging by ultrasound and rheological techniques. Dermatology. 1999;199 Suppl 1:37-41. Jean-Louis Alibert Center, Pierre Fabre Research Institute, Toulouse, France.

Antille C, Tran C, Sorg O, Carraux P, Didierjean L, Saurat JH. Vitamin A exerts a photoprotective action in skin by absorbing ultraviolet B radiation. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Nov;121(5):1163-7. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.

Fort-Lacoste L, Verscheure Y, Tisne-Versailles J, Navarro R. Comedolytic effect of topical retinaldehyde in the rhino mouse model. Dermatology. 1999;199 Suppl 1:33-5. Centre Experimental et Pharmacocinetique de Campans, Castres, France.

Biesalski HK, Sobeck U, Weiser H. Topical application of vitamin A reverses metaplasia of rat vaginal epithelium: a rapid and efficient approach to improve mucosal barrier function. Eur J Med Res. 2001 Sep 28;6(9):391-8. University of Hohenheim, Department of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, Fruwirthstr. 12, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany.

Aloe Vera

Mantle D, Gok MA, Lennard TW. Adverse and beneficial effects of plant extracts on skin and skin disorders. Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev. 2001 Jun;20(2):89-103. Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU.

Badgwell DB, Walker CM, Baker WT, Strickland FM. Ethanol and aloe emodin alter the p53 mutational spectrum in ultraviolet radiation-induced murine skin tumors. Mol Carcinog. 2004 Mar;39(3):127-38. Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.

Strickland FM, Muller HK, Stephens LC, Bucana CD, Donawho CK, Sun Y, Pelley RP. Induction of primary cutaneous melanomas in C3H mice by combined treatment with ultraviolet radiation, ethanol and aloe emodin. Photochem Photobiol. 2000 Sep;72(3):407-14. Department of Immunology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.

Wamer WG, Vath P, Falvey DE. In vitro studies on the photobiological properties of aloe emodin and aloin A. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003 Jan 15;34(2):233-42. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA.

Vath P, Wamer WG, Falvey DE. Photochemistry and phototoxicity of aloe emodin. Photochem Photobiol. 2002 Apr;75(4):346-52. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA.

Ernst E. Adverse effects of herbal drugs in dermatology. Br J Dermatol. 2000 Nov;143(5):923-9. Department of Complementary Medicine, School of Postgraduate Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, 25 Victoria Park Road, Exeter EX2 4NT, UK.

Hunter D, Frumkin A. Adverse reactions to vitamin E and aloe vera preparations after dermabrasion and chemical peel. Cutis. 1991 Mar;47(3):193-6. College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City.

Somboonwong J, Thanamittramanee S, Jariyapongskul A, Patumraj S. Therapeutic effects of Aloe vera on cutaneous microcirculation and wound healing in second degree burn model in rats. J Med Assoc Thai. 2000 Apr;83(4):417-25. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.

Visuthikosol V, Chowchuen B, Sukwanarat Y, Sriurairatana S, Boonpucknavig V. Effect of aloe vera gel to healing of burn wound a clinical and histologic study. J Med Assoc Thai. 1995 Aug;78(8):403-9. Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Kaufman T, Kalderon N, Ullmann Y, Berger J. Aloe vera gel hindered wound healing of experimental second-degree burns: a quantitative controlled study. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1988 Mar-Apr;9(2):156-9. Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Israel.

Roberts DB, Travis EL. Acemannan-containing wound dressing gel reduces radiation-induced skin reactions in C3H mice. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Jul 15;32(4):1047-52. Department of Experimental Radiotherapy, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.

Olsen DL, Raub W Jr, Bradley C, Johnson M, Macias JL, Love V, Markoe A. The effect of aloe vera gel/mild soap versus mild soap alone in preventing skin reactions in patients undergoing radiation therapy. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2001 Apr;28(3):543-7. Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, USA.

Sato Y, Kumazawa N, Suzuki M, Wang CM, Ohta S, Shinoda M. Studies on chemical protectors against radiation. XXXIII. Protective mechanisms of various compounds against skin injury induced by radiation. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1991 Jan;111(1):51-8. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan.

Shinoda M. Studies on chemical radioprotectors against X-irradiation used by soft X-ray accelerator. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1995 Jan;115(1):24-41. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan.

Chithra P, Sajithlal GB, Chandrakasan G. Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 1998 Apr;181(1-2):71-6. Department of Biochemistry, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Madras, India.

Heggers JP, Robson MC, Manavalen K, Weingarten MD, Carethers JM, Boertman JA, Smith DJ Jr, Sachs RJ. Experimental and clinical observations on frostbite. Ann Emerg Med. 1987 Sep;16(9):1056-62.

West DP, Zhu YF. Evaluation of aloe vera gel gloves in the treatment of dry skin associated with occupational exposure. Am J Infect Control. 2003 Feb;31(1):40-2. Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill 60611-2923, USA.

Vitamin B5, Dexpanthenol, & Pantothenic Acid

Savic S, Vuleta G, Milic J. Influence of polymer stabilized emulsions with tocopheryl acetate and dexpanthenol on skin hydration and pH. Seifen Ole Fette Wachse J 2001; 127 (11):32-7.

Jakob HM, Ammon HPT, Mutschler E, et al. Dexpanthenol. Information und Beratung. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 1995; 135: 2102-4.

Vimodrone MI. Vitamine in dermatologia e cosmesi. Cosmet News 1992; 15: 99-104.

Caputo R. The spectrum of treatments for photodamage. J. Dermatol Treat 1996; 7: S19-22.

Gehring W, Gloor M. Effect of topically applied dexpanthenol on epidermal barrier function and stratum corneum hydration. Results of a human in vivo study. Arzneimittelforschung. 2000 Jul;50(7):659-63. Department of Dermatology, Klinikum der Stadt Karlsruhe gGmbH, Germany.

Eggensperger H. Multiaktive Wirkstoffe fur Kosmetika: Teil II. Seifen Ole Fette Wachse J 1994; 120: 534-8, 178-83, 1013-5.

Tauschel HD, Rudolph C. Investigations on the percutaneous activity of a combination of heparin, allantoin and dexpanthenol in a specific ointment base, Antiinflammatory effect on UV-erythema in the guinea pig. Arzneimittelforschung. 1982;32(9):1096-100.

Hauptmann S, Schafer H, Fritz A, Hauptmann P. The growth modifying effect of wound ointments on cell cultures. Hautarzt. 1992 Jul;43(7):432-5. Institut fur Pathologie, Rheinisch-Westfalischen Technischen Hochschule, Aachen.

Abdel Hamid M, Kassem AA, Mattha AG, et al. Evaluation of the biological activity of some medicated solidified sodium stearate-based sticks. (SSSS). Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1984; 10 685-97.

Monographie. Dexpanthenol/Panthenol und Salze der Panthothensaure zur topischen Anwendung. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 1993; 133:569

Pugliese PT, Farina JC, Chautems Y. Efficacy of dexpanthenol in would healing: double-blind assessment of excised wound tissue by ultrasound and histologic examination. Nouv Dermatol 1995; 14:130-8.

Korkman S, Zeytinoglu H, Zeytinoglu M, Et al. Testing wound-healing activity T15 fibroblast cultures: a morphometric analysis. Atlas Radiol Clin Presse Med 2000; 28: 41-51.

Weiser H, Erlemann GA. Beschleunigte Helung Oberflachlicher Wunden durch Panthenol und Zinkoxid. Parfum Kosm 1987; 68: 425-8.

Bensaude A. Traitment de la fissure anale. Phlebologie 1980; 33: 683-8.

Evers E. Lokale. Lokale Behandlung venoser Erkrankungen sowie von Sport- und Unfallverletzungen mit Hepathrombin®. Therapiewoche 1980; 30: 2239-42.

Moosmann EB. Wundcreme fordert HeilungsprozeB. Fortschr Med 1990; 108:74.

Waterloh E, Groth KH. Objectification of the efficacy of an ointment for joint injuries using a volumetric method Arzneimittelforschung. 1983;33(5):792-5.

Michael J. Zur Behandlung des Ulcus cruris: Klinische Erfahrungen met Ulcrux Crème und — Puder. Fortschr Med 1976; 94: 1148-51.

Pfister R. Zur Lokalbehandlung des chronisch-venosen Beingeschwurs. Forschr Med 1977; 95: 2057-2058, 2066.

Miger A. Analfissuren. Urloge B. 1982; 22:201-5.

Gehring W, Gloor M. Der repetitive Waschtest als Modell sur Beurteilung von Hautschutzpraparaten am Beilpel einer dexpanthenolhaltigen Formulierung. Akt Dermatol 2001; 27: 279 -84.

Bielfeldt S, Wehmeyer A, Rippke F, et al. Efficacy of a new hand care system (cleansing oil and cream) in a model of irritation and in a atopic hand eczema. Derm Beruf Umwelt 1998; 46: 159-65.

Rippke F, Wehmeyer A, Stenzaly-Achtert S, et al. Hautbelastung in heilberufen: Klinische Relevanz und Effekte eines neuartigen Handpflegesystems. Dt Derm 1998; 46:1-8.

Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Wyss M, Elsner P. Kontaktallergie gegen Dexpenthenol: Ein Bericht uber sieben Faelle und sieben Faelle und ein Literaturuberblick. Derm. Beruf Umwelt 1995; 43:175-8.

Gobbels M, Gross D. Klinische Studie zur Wirksamkeit eines dexpanthenolhaltigen Tranenersatzmittels (Siccaprotect®) bei der Behandlung trockener Augen. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilk 1996; 209:84-8.

Christ T. Therapie der Erosio corneae mit einem neuen panthenolhaltigen. Gel. Spektr Augenheil 1994; 8: 224-6.

Beta-Sitosterol

Final report of the amended safety assessment of PEG-5, -10, -16, -25, -30, and -40 soy sterol. Int J Toxicol. 2004;23 Suppl 2:23-47.

Kim BH, Lee YS, Kang KS. The mechanism of retinol-induced irritation and its application to anti-irritant development. Toxicol Lett. 2003 Dec 15;146(1):65-73. Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.

Zhang Y, Jayaprakasam B, Seeram NP, Olson LK, DeWitt D, Nair MG. Insulin secretion and cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition by cabernet sauvignon grape skin compounds. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jan 28;52(2):228-33. Bioactive Natural Products and Phytoceuticals, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

Chattopadhyay D, Arunachalam G, Mandal AB, Sur TK, Mandal SC, Bhattacharya SK. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of folklore: Mallotus peltatus leaf extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Oct;82(2-3):229-37. ICMR Virus Unit Calcutta, I.D. and B.G. Hospital, GB 4, 57 Dr. Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India.

Wu GX, Lin YX, Ou MR, Tan DF. An experimental study(II) on the inhibition of prostatic hyperplasia by extract of seeds of Brassica alba. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Jul;28(7):643-6. Bioengineering College, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian, China.

Ramesh N, Viswanathan MB, Saraswathy A, Balakrishna K, Brindha P, Lakshmanaperumalsamy P. Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of Begonia malabarica. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Jan;79(1):129-32. Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, 627 412, Tamil Nadu, Alwarkurichi, India.

Elmore E, Siddiqui S, Navidi M, Steele VE, Redpath JL. Correlation of in vitro chemopreventive efficacy data from the human epidermal cell assay with animal efficacy data and clinical trial plasma levels. J Cell Biochem. 2005 Jun 1;95(3):571-88. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA.

Yasukawa K, Takido M, Matsumoto T, Takeuchi M, Nakagawa S. Sterol and triterpene derivatives from plants inhibit the effects of a tumor promoter, and sitosterol and betulinic acid inhibit tumor formation in mouse skin two-stage carcinogenesis. Oncology. 1991;48(1):72-6. College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan.

Nikkari T, Schreibman PH, Ahrens EH Jr. In vivo studies of sterol and squalene secretion by human skin. J Lipid Res. 1974 Nov;15(6):563-73.

BHT

Black HS. Systemic photoprotective agents. Photodermatol. 1987 Aug;4(4):187-95. Photobiology Laboratory, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Houston, Texas.

De Rios G, Chan JT, Black HS, Rudolph AH, Knox JM. Systemic protection by antioxidants against UVL-induced erythema. J Invest Dermatol. 1978 Mar;70(3):123-5.

Kozumbo WJ, Seed JL, Kensler TW. Inhibition by 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and other antioxidants of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Cancer Res. 1983 Jun;43(6):2555-9.

Slaga TJ, Bracken WM. The effects of antioxidants on skin tumor initiation and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Cancer Res. 1977 Jun;37(6):1631-5.

Lanigan RS, Yamarik TA. Final report on the safety assessment of BHT(1). Int J Toxicol. 2002;21 Suppl 2:19-94.

Freeman DJ, Wenerstrom G, Spruance SL. Treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis with topical butylated hydroxytoluene. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1985 Jul;38(1):56-9.

Williams GM, Iatropoulos MJ, Whysner J. Safety assessment of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene as antioxidant food additives. Food Chem Toxicol. 1999 Sep-Oct;37(9-10):1027-38. Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, American Health Foundation Valhalla, 10595, USA.

Inoue K, Okumura H, Higuchi T, Oka H, Yoshimura Y, Nakazawa H. Characterization of estrogenic compounds in medical polyvinyl chloride tubing by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and estrogen receptor binding assay. Clin Chim Acta. 2002 Nov;325(1-2):157-63. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.

Altmann HJ, Grunow W, Wester PW, Mohr U. Induction of forestomach lesions by butylhydroxyanisole and structurally related substances. Arch Toxicol Suppl. 1985;8:114-6.

Cottrell S, Andrews CM, Clayton D, Powell CJ. The dose-dependent effect of BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) on vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 1994 Jul;32(7):589-94. DH Department of Toxicology, St Barthelman's Hospital Medical College, St Barthelman's Centre for Research, London, UK.

Borage Oil (GLA)

Henz BM, Jablonska S, van de Kerkhof PC, Stingl G, Blaszczyk M, Vandervalk PG, Veenhuizen R, Muggli R, Raederstorff D. Double-blind, multicentre analysis of the efficacy of borage oil in patients with atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol. 1999 Apr;140(4):685-8.Department of Dermatology, Virchow Clinic, Free University Berlin, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13344 Berlin, Germany.

Fan YY, Chapkin RS. Importance of dietary gamma-linolenic acid in human health and nutrition. J Nutr. 1998 Sep;128(9):1411-4. Faculty of Nutrition, Molecular and Cell Biology Group, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA.

Karia C, Harwood JL, Morris AP, Heard CM. Simultaneous permeation of tamoxifen and gamma linolenic acid across excised human skin. Further evidence of the permeation of solvated complexes. Int J Pharm. 2004 Mar 1;271(1-2):305-9.

Menendez JA, Ropero S, Lupu R, Colomer R. Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid gamma-linolenic acid (18:3n-6) enhances docetaxel (Taxotere) cytotoxicity in human breast carcinoma cells: Relationship to lipid peroxidation and HER-2/neu expression. Oncol Rep. 2004 Jun;11(6):1241-52. Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Research Institute, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.

Horrobin DF. Nutritional and medical importance of gamma-linolenic acid. Prog Lipid Res. 1992;31(2):163-94.

Morris GM, Hopewell JW, Ross GA, Whitehouse E, Wilding D, Scott CA. Trophic effects of essential fatty acids on pig skin. Cell Prolif. 1995 Feb;28(2):73-84. Research Institute (University of Oxford), Churchill Hospital, UK.

Takeda S, Sim PG, Horrobin DF, Sanford T, Chisholm KA, Simmons V. Mechanism of lipid peroxidation in cancer cells in response to gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) analyzed by GC-MS(I): Conjugated dienes with peroxyl (or hydroperoxyl) groups and cell-killing effects. Anticancer Res. 1993 Jan-Feb;13(1):193-9. Efamol Research Institute, Kentville, Nova Soctia, Canada.

Dippenaar N, Booyens J, Fabbri D, Katzeff IE. The reversibility of cancer: evidence that malignancy in melanoma cells is gamma-linolenic acid deficiency-dependent. S Afr Med J. 1982 Oct 2;62(15):505-9.

Simpson LO. Melanoma and fatty acids. N Z Med J. 1990 Nov 28;103(902):569.

Tollesson A, Frithz A. Borage oil, an effective new treatment for infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 1993 Jul;129(1):95.

Tollesson A, Frithz A. Acta Derm Venereol. 1993 Feb;73(1):18-20. Transepidermal water loss and water content in the stratum corneum in infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis. Karolinska Institutet, Department of Dermatology, Sodersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.

Karlstad MD, DeMichele SJ, Leathem WD, Peterson MB. Effect of intravenous lipid emulsions enriched with gamma-linolenic acid on plasma n-6 fatty acids and prostaglandin biosynthesis after burn and endotoxin injury in rats. Crit Care Med. 1993 Nov;21(11):1740-9. Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville 37920.

Ziboh VA. Implications of dietary oils and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of cutaneous disorders. Arch Dermatol. 1989 Feb;125(2):241-5. Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.

Craveri A, Tornaghi G, Ranieri R, Stanzani M, Landi G, Paganardi L, Passaretti B, Gallo E. Effects of defibrotide after oral and parenteral administration in patients with peripheral obliterative arterial disease (POAD). Int Angiol. 1990 Oct-Dec;9(4):274-7. II Division of Internal Medicine, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy.

Manku MS, Horrobin DF, Morse NL, Wright S, Burton JL. Essential fatty acids in the plasma phospholipids of patients with atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol. 1984 Jun;110(6):643-8.

Morse PF, Horrobin DF, Manku MS, Stewart JC, Allen R, Littlewood S, Wright S, Burton J, Gould DJ, Holt PJ, et al. Meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies of the efficacy of Epogam in the treatment of atopic eczema. Relationship between plasma essential fatty acid changes and clinical response. Br J Dermatol. 1989 Jul;121(1):75-90. Efamol Research Institute, Woodbridge Meadows, Guildford, U.K.

Willemaers V, Stas I, Pierard-Franchimont C, Cornil F, Pierard GE. Atopic dermatitis. Rev Med Liege. 1998 Feb;53(2):67-70.

Horrobin DF. Essential fatty acids in clinical dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989 Jun;20(6):1045-53. Efamol Research Institute, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Worm M. Novel therapies for atopic eczema. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2002 Nov;3(11):1596-603. Universitatsklinikum Charite Klinik for Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Schumannstr 20-21, 10117 Berlin, Germany.

Schafer L, Kragballe K. Supplementation with evening primrose oil in atopic dermatitis: effect on fatty acids in neutrophils and epidermis. Lipids. 1991 Jul;26(7):557-60. Aarhus Oliefabrik A/S, Research Laboratories, Denmark.

Miller CC, Tang W, Ziboh VA, Fletcher MP. Dietary supplementation with ethyl ester concentrates of fish oil (n-3) and borage oil (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids induces epidermal generation of local putative anti-inflammatory metabolites. J Invest Dermatol. 1991 Jan;96(1):98-103. Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis School of Medicine.

Ziboh VA, Cho Y, Mani I, Xi S. Biological significance of essential fatty acids/prostanoids/lipoxygenase-derived monohydroxy fatty acids in the skin. Arch Pharm Res. 2002 Dec;25(6):747-58. Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA.

Ziboh VA, Miller CC, Cho Y. Metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids by skin epidermal enzymes: generation of antiinflammatory and antiproliferative metabolites. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jan;71(1 Suppl):361S-6S. Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.

Chapkin RS, Ziboh VA, McCullough JL. Dietary influences of evening primrose and fish oil on the skin of essential fatty acid-deficient guinea pigs. J Nutr. 1987 Aug;117(8):1360-70.

Fletcher MP, Ziboh VA. Effects of dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid or gamma-linolenic acid on neutrophil phospholipid fatty acid composition and activation responses. Inflammation. 1990 Oct;14(5):585-97. Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.

Miller CC, Ziboh VA. Gammalinolenic acid-enriched diet alters cutaneous eicosanoids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Aug 15;154(3):967-74. Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.

Miller CC, McCreedy CA, Jones AD, Ziboh VA. Oxidative metabolism of dihomogammalinolenic acid by guinea pig epidermis: evidence of generation of anti-inflammatory products. Prostaglandins. 1988 Jun;35(6):917-38. Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.

Siliprandi N. Significance of evening primrose oil in the problem of the nutritional value of poly-unsaturated fatty acids. Minerva Dietol Gastroenterol. 1989 Jan-Mar;35(1):39-45.

Park WS, Lee CH, Lee BG, Chang IS. The extract of Thujae occidentalis semen inhibited 5alpha-reductase and androchronogenetic alopecia of B6CBAF1/j hybrid mouse. J Dermatol Sci. 2003 Apr;31(2):91-8. Skin Research Team, Skin Research Institute, Amore Pacific Corporation R&D Center 314-1 Bora-ri, Kiheung-eup, Yongin-si, Kyounggi-do, South Korea.

Liao S, Lin J, Dang MT, Zhang H, Kao YH, Fukuchi J, Hiipakka RA. Growth suppression of hamster flank organs by topical application of catechins, alizarin, curcumin, and myristoleic acid. Arch Dermatol Res. 2001 Apr;293(4):200-5. Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

Hopewell JW, van den Aardweg GJ, Morris GM, Rezvani M, Robbins ME, Ross GA, Whitehouse EM, Scott CA, Horrobin DF. Amelioration of both early and late radiation-induced damage to pig skin by essential fatty acids. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994 Dec 1;30(5):1119-25. Research Institute, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital.

Hopewell JW, Robbins ME, van den Aardweg GJ, Morris GM, Ross GA, Whitehouse E, Horrobin DF, Scott CA. The modulation of radiation-induced damage to pig skin by essential fatty acids. Br J Cancer. 1993 Jul;68(1):1-7. Research Institute (University of Oxford), Churchill Hospital, UK.

Rahbeeni F, Hendrikse AS, Smuts CM, Gelderblom WC, Abel S, Blekkenhorst GH. The effect of evening primrose oil on the radiation response and blood flow of mouse normal and tumour tissue. Int J Radiat Biol. 2000 Jun;76(6):871-7. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa.

Pritchard GA, Jones DL, Mansel RE. Br J Surg. 1989 Oct;76(10):1069-73. Lipids in breast carcinogenesis. Department of Surgery, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, UK.

Naidu MR, Das UN, Kishan A. Intratumoral gamma-linoleic acid therapy of human gliomas. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1992 Mar;45(3):181-4. Department of Neurosurgery, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad, India.

Van der Merwe CF, Booyens J, Katzeff IE. Oral gamma-linolenic acid in 21 patients with untreatable malignancy. An ongoing pilot open clinical trial. Br J Clin Pract. 1987 Sep;41(9):907-15.

Williams JH. The use of gamma linolenic acid, linoleic acid and natural vitamin E for the treatment of multicentric lymphoma in two dogs. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1988 Sep;59(3):141-4. Department of Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Republic of South Africa.

Belch JJ, Hill A. Evening primrose oil and borage oil in rheumatologic conditions. Department of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom.Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jan;71(1 Suppl):352S-6S.

Pullman-Mooar S, Laposata M, Lem D, Holman RT, Leventhal LJ, DeMarco D, Zurier RB. Alteration of the cellular fatty acid profile and the production of eicosanoids in human monocytes by gamma-linolenic acid. Arthritis Rheum. 1990 Oct;33(10):1526-33. Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia.

Leventhal LJ, Boyce EG, Zurier RB. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with gammalinolenic acid. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Nov 1;119(9):867-73. University of Pennsylvania, Graduate Hospital, Presbyterian Medical Center, Philadelphia.

Zurier RB, Rossetti RG, Jacobson EW, DeMarco DM, Liu NY, Temming JE, White BM, Laposata M. Gamma-Linolenic acid treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 1996 Nov;39(11):1808-17. University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655-0335, USA.

Horrobin DF. Essential fatty acid metabolism in diseases of connective tissue with special reference to scleroderma and to Sjogren's syndrome. Med Hypotheses. 1984 Jul;14(3):233-47.

Horrobin DF, Campbell A. Sjogren's syndrome and the sicca syndrome: the role of prostaglandin E1 deficiency. Treatment with essential fatty acids and vitamin C. Med Hypotheses. 1980 Mar;6(3):225-32.

Brush MG, Watson SJ, Horrobin DF, Manku MS. Abnormal essential fatty acid levels in plasma of women with premenstrual syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984 Oct 15;150(4):363-6.

Mansel RE, Pye JK, Hughes LE. Effects of essential fatty acids on cyclical mastalgia and noncyclical breast disorders. In Omega-6 Essential Fatty Acids. Pathophysiology and Roles in Clinical Medicine, ed. DF Horrobin. New York: Alan R Liss, 1990, 557-66.

Keen H, Payan J, Allawi J, Walker J, Jamal GA, Weir AI, Henderson LM, Bissessar EA, Watkins PJ, Sampson M, et al. Treatment of diabetic neuropathy with gamma-linolenic acid. The gamma-Linolenic Acid Multicenter Trial Group. Diabetes Care. 1993 Jan;16(1):8-15. UMDS, London, UK.

Julu PO. Essential fatty acids prevent slowed nerve conduction in streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Diabet Complications. 1988 Oct-Dec;2(4):185-8. Department of Physiology, University College, London, England.

Wu D, Meydani M, Leka LS, Nightingale Z, Handelman GJ, Blumberg JB, Meydani SN. Effect of dietary supplementation with black currant seed oil on the immune response of healthy elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Oct;70(4):536-43. Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.

Cunnane SC, Manku MS, Horrobin DF. Abnormal essential fatty acid composition of tissue lipids in genetically diabetic mice is partially corrected by dietary linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids. Br J Nutr. 1985 May;53(3):449-58.

Vaddadi KS, Gilleard CJ, Soosai E, Polonowita AK, Gibson RA, Burrows GD. Schizophrenia, tardive dyskinesia and essential fatty acids. Schizophr Res. 1996 Jul 5;20(3):287-94. Clinical Research Unit, Maroondah Hospital, Vic, Australia.

Glen I, Skinner F, Glen E, MacDonell L. The role of essential fatty acids in alcohol dependence and tissue damage. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1987 Feb;11(1):37-41.

Ishikawa T, Fujiyama Y, Igarashi O, Morino M, Tada N, Kagami A, Sakamoto T, Nagano M, Nakamura H. Effects of gammalinolenic acid on plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins. Atherosclerosis. 1989 Feb;75(2-3):95-104. Department of Internal Medicine, Aoto Hospital, Jikei Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.

Yoshimoto-Furuie K, Yoshimoto K, Tanaka T, Saima S, Kikuchi Y, Shay J, Horrobin DF, Echizen H. Nephron. Effects of oral supplementation with evening primrose oil for six weeks on plasma essential fatty acids and uremic skin symptoms in hemodialysis patients. 1999 Feb;81(2):151-9. Department of Pharmacotherapy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan.

Tamimi NA, Mikhail AI, Stevens PE. Role of gamma-linolenic acid in uraemic pruritus. Nephron. 1999;83(2):170-1.

Vitamin C, Magnesium-L-Ascorbyl-Phosphate

Yokoo S, Furumoto K, Hiyama E, Miwa N. Slow-down of age-dependent telomere shortening is executed in human skin keratinocytes by hormesis-like-effects of trace hydrogen peroxide or by anti-oxidative effects of pro-vitamin C in common concurrently with reduction of intracellular oxidative stress. J Cell Biochem. 2004 Oct 15;93(3):588-97. Laboratory of Cell Death Control BioTechnology, Hiroshima Prefectural University School of BioSciences, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan.

Foco A, Gasperlin M, Kristl J. Investigation of liposomes as carriers of sodium ascorbyl phosphate for cutaneous photoprotection. Int J Pharm. 2005 Mar 3;291(1-2):21-9. Epub 2004 Dec 29. University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cekalusa 90, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Nayama S, Takehana M, Kanke M, Itoh S, Ogata E, Kobayashi S. Protective effects of sodium-L-ascorbyl-2 phosphate on the development of UVB-induced damage in cultured mouse skin. Biol Pharm Bull. 1999 Dec;22(12):1301-5. Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan.

Yasuda S, Tada M, Yamada K, Takahata K. Suppressive effects of ascorbate derivatives on ultraviolet-B-induced injury in HaCaT human keratinocytes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2004 Mar-Apr;40(3-4):71-3. Laboratory of Food Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-0082, Japan.

Kurata S, Senoo H, Hata R. Transcriptional activation of type I collagen genes by ascorbic acid 2-phosphate in human skin fibroblasts and its failure in cells from a patient with alpha 2(I)-chain-defective Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Exp Cell Res. 1993 May;206(1):63-71. Department of Biochemical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.

Ishikawa O, Yokoyama Y, Miyachi Y. Disaccharide analysis of dermal fibroblast-derived glycosaminoglycans in the three-dimensional culture. J Dermatol Sci. 1994 Dec;8(3):203-7. Department of Dermatology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Japan.

Senoo H, Hata R. Extracellular matrix regulates cell morphology, proliferation, and tissue formation. Kaibogaku Zasshi. 1994 Dec;69(6):719-33. Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.

Kurata S, Hata R. Epidermal growth factor inhibits transcription of type I collagen genes and production of type I collagen in cultured human skin fibroblasts in the presence and absence of L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, a long-acting vitamin C derivative. J Biol Chem. 1991 May 25;266(15):9997-10003. Department of Biochemical Genetics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.

Miyamoto K, Takiwaki H, Hillebrand GG, Arase S. Utilization of a high-resolution digital imaging system for the objective and quantitative assessment of hyperpigmented spots on the face. Skin Res Technol. 2002 May;8(2):73-7. Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503 Japan.

Kameyama K, Sakai C, Kondoh S, Yonemoto K, Nishiyama S, Tagawa M, Murata T, Ohnuma T, Quigley J, Dorsky A, Bucks D, Blanock K. Inhibitory effect of magnesium L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate (VC-PMG) on melanogenesis in vitro and in vivo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996 Jan;34(1):29-33. Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan.

Kobayashi S, Takehana M, Kanke M, Itoh S, Ogata E. Postadministration protective effect of magnesium-L-ascorbyl-phosphate on the development of UVB-induced cutaneous damage in mice. Photochem Photobiol. 1998 Jun;67(6):669-75. Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan.

Kobayashi S, Takehana M, Itoh S, Ogata E. Protective effect of magnesium-L-ascorbyl-2 phosphate against skin damage induced by UVB irradiation. Photochem Photobiol. 1996 Jul;64(1):224-8. Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan.

Elmore AR. Final report of the safety assessment of L-Ascorbic Acid, Calcium Ascorbate, Magnesium Ascorbate, Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate, Sodium Ascorbate, and Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate as used in cosmetics. Int J Toxicol. 2005;24 Suppl 2:51-111.

Geesin JC, Gordon JS, Berg RA. Regulation of collagen synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts by the sodium and magnesium salts of ascorbyl-2-phosphate. Skin Pharmacol. 1993;6(1):65-71. Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway 08854.

Austria R, Semenzato A, Bettero A. Stability of vitamin C derivatives in solution and topical formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1997 Mar;15(6):795-801. Universita di Padova, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Italy.

Makino Y, Sakagami H, Takeda M. Induction of cell death by ascorbic acid derivatives in human renal carcinoma and glioblastoma cell lines. Anticancer Res. 1999 Jul-Aug;19(4B):3125-32. First Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.

Pinnell SR, Yang H, Omar M, Monteiro-Riviere N, DeBuys HV, Walker LC, Wang Y, Levine M. Topical L-ascorbic acid: percutaneous absorption studies. Dermatol Surg. 2001 Feb;27(2):137-42. Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA.

Saika S, Uenoyama K, Hiroi K, Tanioka H, Takase K, Hikita M. Ascorbic acid phosphate ester and wound healing in rabbit corneal alkali burns: epithelial basement membrane and stroma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1993 Apr;231(4):221-7. Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical College, Japan.

Coenzyme Q-10 (CoQ-10, Ubiquinone)

Hojerova J. Coenzyme Q10--its importance, properties and use in nutrition and cosmetics. Ceska Slov Farm. 2000 May; 49(3):119-23. Katedra mlieka, tukov a hygieny pozivatin-oddelenie kozmetologie Chemickotechnologickej fakulty Slovenskej technickej univerzity, Bratislava.

Steckel F. Coenzyme Q10, a cutaneous antioxidant and energizer. Biofactors. 1999;9(2-4):371-8. Paul Gerson Unna Research Center, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany.

Blatt T, Mundt C, Mummert C, Maksiuk T, Wolber R, Keyhani R, Schreiner V, Hoppe U, Schachtschabel DO, Stab F. Modulation of oxidative stresses in human aging skin. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 1999 Apr;32(2):83-8. Paul Gerson Unna Forschungszentrum Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg.

Giovannini L, Bertelli AA, Scalori V, Dell'Osso L, Alessandri MG, Mian M. Skin penetration of CoQ10 in the rat. Int J Tissue React. 1988;10(2):103-5. Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.

Scalori V, Alessandri MG, Giovannini L, Bertelli A. Plasma and tissue concentrations of coenzyme Q10 in the rat after intravenous, oral and topical administrations. Int J Tissue React. 1990;12(3):149-54. Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.

Passi S, De Pita O, Grandinetti M, Simotti C, Littarru GP. The combined use of oral and topical lipophilic antioxidants increases their levels both in sebum and stratum corneum. Biofactors. 2003;18(1-4):289-97. Centro Invecchiamento Cellulare, I.D.I. (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.

Passi S, De Pita O, Puddu P, Littarru GP. Lipophilic antioxidants in human sebum and aging. Free Radic Res. 2002 Apr;36(4):471-7. IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.

Hehenberger K, Hansson A. High glucose-induced growth factor resistance in human fibroblasts can be reversed by antioxidants and protein kinase C-inhibitors. Cell Biochem Funct. 1997 Sep;15(3):197-201. Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

Winkler-Stuck K, Wiedemann FR, Wallesch CW, Kunz WS. Effect of coenzyme Q10 on the mitochondrial function of skin fibroblasts from Parkinson patients. J Neurol Sci. 2004 May 15;220(1-2):41-8. Klinik fur Neurologie der Otto-von-Guericke-Universitat Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.

Mantle D, Wilkins RM, Preedy V. A novel therapeutic strategy for Ehlers-Danlos syndrome based on nutritional supplements. Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(2):279-83. Pharma Nord (UK), Telford Court, Morpeth, Northumberland NE61 2DB, UK.

Rotig A, Appelkvist EL, Geromel V, Chretien D, Kadhom N, Edery P, Lebideau M, Dallner G, Munnich A, Ernster L, Rustin P. Quinone-responsive multiple respiratory-chain dysfunction due to widespread coenzyme Q10 deficiency. Lancet. 2000 Jul 29;356(9227):391-5. Unite de Recherches sur les Handicaps Genetiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U393, Hopital des Enfants-Malades, Paris, France.