Medical References D-G

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)

Koshiishi I, Mitani H, Sumita T, Imanari T. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) prevents the conversion of adipose tissue into fibrous tissue in skin exposed to chronic UV irradiation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2001 Jun 1;173(2):99-104. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba-shi, Chiba, Japan.

Mitani H, Koshiishi I, Toyoda H, Toida T, Imanari T. Alterations of hairless mouse skin exposed to chronic UV irradiation and its prevention by hydrocortisone. Photochem Photobiol. 1999 Jan;69(1):41-6. Sansho Seiyaku Co., Fukuoka, Japan.

Koshiishi I, Horikoshi E, Mitani H, Imanari T. Quantitative alterations of hyaluronan and dermatan sulfate in the hairless mouse dorsal skin exposed to chronic UV irradiation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Aug 5;1428(2-3):327-33. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

Hosomi J, Hosoi J, Abe E, Suda T, Kuroki T. Regulation of terminal differentiation of cultured mouse epidermal cells by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Endocrinology. 1983 Dec;113(6):1950-7.

Bellows CG, Wang YH, Heersche JN, Aubin JE. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates adipocyte differentiation in cultures of fetal rat calvaria cells: comparison with the effects of dexamethasone. Endocrinology. 1994 May;134(5):2221-9. Medical Research Council Group in Periodontal Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Vu D, Ong JM, Clemens TL, Kern PA. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D induces lipoprotein lipase expression in 3T3-L1 cells in association with adipocyte differentiation. Endocrinology. 1996 May;137(5):1540-4. Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.

Smith MA, McHenry C, Oslapas R, Hofmann C, Hessel P, Paloyan E. Altered TSH levels associated with increased serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: a possible link between thyroid and parathyroid disease. Surgery. 1989 Dec;106(6):987-91. Department of Surgery, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Ill.

Smith EL, Pincus SH, Donovan L, Holick MF. A novel approach for the evaluation and treatment of psoriasis. Oral or topical use of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 can be a safe and effective therapy for psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988 Sep;19(3):516-28. Vitamin D, Skin, and Bone Metabolism Laboratory, Boston City Hospital, MA.

Kitano Y, Ikeda N, Okano M. Suppression of proliferation of human epidermal keratinocytes by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Analysis of its effect on psoriatic lesion and of its mechanism using human keratinocytes in culture. Eur J Clin Invest. 1991 Feb;21(1):53-8. Department of Dermatology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.

Wolters M. Diet and psoriasis: experimental data and clinical evidence. Br J Dermatol. 2005 Oct;153(4):706-14. Nutrition Physiology and Human Nutrition Unit, Institute of Food Science, University of Hannover, Wunstorfer Str. 14, D-30453 Hannover, Germany.

Mitsuhashi Y, Kawaguchi M, Hozumi Y, Kondo S. Topical vitamin D3 is effective in treating senile warts possibly by inducing apoptosis. J Dermatol. 2005 Jun;32(6):420-3. Department of Dermatology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.

Lehmann B. The Vitamin D3 Pathway in Human Skin and its Role For Regulation of Biological Processes. Photochem Photobiol. 2005 Feb 1Dresden University of Technology, Medical School.

Egawa K. Topical vitamin D3 derivatives in treating hyperkeratotic palmoplantar eczema: a report of five patients. J Dermatol. 2005 May;32(5):381-6. Department of Dermatology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan.

Dimethicone

Ritschel WA, Nayak PM. Evaluation in vitro and in vivo of dimethicone transdermal therapeutic systems. Influence of propylene glycol on drug release. Arzneimittelforschung. 1987 Mar;37(3):302-6.

Carter BN 2nd, Sherman RT. Dimethicone (silicone) skin protection in surgical patients. AMA Arch Surg. 1957 Jul;75(1):116-7.

Banerjee BN, Chakrabarty J. Dimethicone 20 B.P.C. (SILOCERM)--a new multipurpose skin protective barrier ointment as prophylaxis in skin diseases, a preliminary report. Indian J Dermatol. 1969 Apr;14(3):133-5.

Nair B; Cosmetic Ingredients Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of stearoxy dimethicone, dimethecone, methicone, amino bispropyl dimethicone, aminopropyl dimethicone, amodimethicone, amodimethicone hydroxystearate, behenoxy dimethicone, C24-28 alkyl methicone, C30-45 alkyl methicone, C30-45 alkyl dimethicone, cetearyl methicone, cetyl dimethicone, dimethoxysilyl ethylenediaminopropyl dimethicone, hexyl methicone, hydroxypropyldimethicone, stearamidopropyl dimethicone, stearyl dimethicone, stearyl methicone, and vinyldimethicone. Int J Toxicol. 2003;22 Suppl 2:11-35.

Zhai H, Brachman F, Pelosi A, Anigbogu A, Ramos MB, Torralba MC, Maibach HI. A bioengineering study on the efficacy of a skin protectant lotion in preventing SLS-induced dermatitis. Skin Res Technol. 2000 May;6(2):77-80. Department of Dermatology, University of California, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, and Proteque International, Raleigh, NC, USA.

Fowler JF Jr. Efficacy of a skin-protective foam in the treatment of chronic hand dermatitis. Am J Contact Dermat. 2000 Sep;11(3):165-9. Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY, USA.

Del Rosso JQ. The role of the vehicle in combination acne therapy. Cutis. 2005 Aug;76(2 Suppl):15-8. University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, USA.

Vitamin E (Alpha-Tocopherol & Tocotrienol)

Nachbar F, Korting HC. The role of vitamin E in normal and damaged skin. J Mol Med. 1995 Jan;73(1):7-17. Dermatologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munchen, Germany.

Gehring W, Fluhr J, Gloor M. Influence of vitamin E acetate on stratum corneum hydration. Arznei-mittelforschung. 1998 Jul;48(7):772-5. Dermatological Clinic, Karlsruhe Municipal Hospital Complex, Germany.

Darr D, Fridovich I. Free radicals in cutaneous biology. J Invest Dermatol. 1994 May;102(5):671-5. Department of Medicine (Division of Dermatology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.

Fuchs J, Huflejt ME, Rothfuss LM, Wilson DS, Carcamo G, Packer L. Impairment of enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants in skin by UVB irradiation. J Invest Dermatol. 1989 Dec;93(6):769-73. Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of California, Berkeley 94720.

Nishi J, Ogura R, Sugiyama M, Hidaka T, Kohno M. Involvement of active oxygen in lipid peroxide radical reaction of epidermal homogenate following ultraviolet light exposure. J Invest Dermatol. 1991 Jul;97(1):115-9. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan.

Strickland PT. Photocarcinogenesis by near-ultraviolet (UVA) radiation in Sencar mice. J Invest Dermatol. 1986 Aug;87(2):272-5.

Shindo Y, Witt E, Packer L. Antioxidant defense mechanisms in murine epidermis and dermis and their responses to ultraviolet light. Invest Dermatol. 1993 Mar;100(3):260-5. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.

Gutteridge JM, Halliwell B. Comments on review of Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, second edition, by Barry Halliwell and John M. C. Gutteridge. Free Radic Biol Med. 1992;12(1):93-5.

Peng YM, Peng YS, Lin Y, Moon T, Roe DJ, Ritenbaugh C. Concentrations and plasma-tissue-diet relationships of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols in humans. Nutr Cancer. 1995;23(3):233-46. Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA.

Burton GW, Traber MG, Acuff RV, Walters DN, Kayden H, Hughes L, Ingold KU. Human plasma and tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations in response to supplementation with deuterated natural and synthetic vitamin E. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Apr;67(4):669-84. Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

Shindo Y, Witt E, Han D, Epstein W, Packer L. Enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in epidermis and dermis of human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1994 Jan;102(1):122-4. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.

Mayer P. The effects of vitamin E on the skin. Cosmet Toiletries 1993:108: 99-109.

Ricciarelli R, Maroni P, Ozer N, Zingg JM, Azzi A. Age-dependent increase of collagenase expression can be reduced by alpha-tocopherol via protein kinase C inhibition. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999 Oct;27(7-8):729-37. Institut fur Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitat Bern, Switzerland.

Bissett DL, Chatterjee R, Hannon DP. Photoprotective effect of superoxide-scavenging antioxidants against ultraviolet radiation-induced chronic skin damage in the hairless mouse. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1990 Apr;7(2):56-62. Procter & Gamble Company, Miami Valley Laboratories, Cincinnati, Ohio 45239-8707.

Bissett DL, Hillebrand GG, Hannon DP. The hairless mouse as a model of skin photoaging: its use to evaluate photoprotective materials. Photodermatol. 1989 Oct;6(5):228-33. Procter & Gamble Company Miami Valley Laboratories, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Darr D, Dunston S, Faust H, Pinnell S. Effectiveness of antioxidants (vitamin C and E) with and without sunscreens as topical photoprotectants. Acta Derm Venereol. 1996 Jul;76(4):264-8. North Carolina Biotechnology Center, Raleigh, N.C., USA.

Dreher F, Denig N, Gabard B, Schwindt DA, Maibach HI. Effect of topical antioxidants on UV-induced erythema formation when administered after exposure. Dermatology. 1999;198(1):52-5. Department of Dermatology, University of California, School of Medicine, San Francisco, Calif. 94143, USA.

Thiele JJ, Traber MG, Packer L. Depletion of human stratum corneum vitamin E: an early and sensitive in vivo marker of UV induced photo-oxidation. J Invest Dermatol. 1998 May;110(5):756-61. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA.

Kramer-Stickland K, Krol ES, Liebler DC. UV-B-Induced photooxidation of vitamin E in mouse skin. Chem Res Toxicol. 1999 Feb;12(2):187-91. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210207, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.

Record IR, Dreosti IE, Konstantinopoulos M, Buckley RA. The influence of topical and systemic vitamin E on ultraviolet light-induced skin damage in hairless mice. Nutr Cancer. 1991;16(3-4):219-25. Division of Human Nutrition, CSIRO, Adelaide, South Australia.

Nakayama S, Katoh EM, Tsuzuki T, Kobayashi S. Protective effect of alpha-tocopherol-6-O-phosphate against ultraviolet B-induced damage in cultured mouse skin. Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.

Chiu A, Kimball AB. Topical vitamins, minerals and botanical ingredients as modulators of environmental and chronological skin damage. Br J Dermatol. 2003 Oct;149(4):681-91. Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 900 Blake Wilbur Drive, RM W0024, Stanford, CA 94305-5334, U.S.A.

Rangarajan M, Zatz JL. Effect of formulation on the topical delivery of alpha-tocopherol. J Cosmet Sci. 2003 Mar-Apr;54(2):161-74. Organon USA, 375 Mt. Pleasant Avenue, West Orange, NJ 07052, USA.

Jurkiewicz BA, Bissett DL, Buettner GR. Effect of topically applied tocopherol on ultraviolet radiation-mediated free radical damage in skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1995 Apr;104(4):484-8. Radiation Research Laboratory, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242-1101, USA.

Schwedhelm E, Maas R, Troost R, Boger RH. Clinical pharmacokinetics of antioxidants and their impact on systemic oxidative stress. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42(5):437-59. Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

Lopez-Torres M, Thiele JJ, Shindo Y, Han D, Packer L. Topical application of alpha-tocopherol modulates the antioxidant network and diminishes ultraviolet-induced oxidative damage in murine skin. Br J Dermatol. 1998 Feb;138(2):207-15.

Serbinova E, Kagan V, Han D, Packer L. Free radical recycling and intramembrane mobility in the antioxidant properties of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol. Free Radic Biol Med. 1991;10(5):263-75. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.

Weber C, Podda M, Rallis M, Thiele JJ, Traber MG, Packer L. Efficacy of topically applied tocopherols and tocotrienols in protection of murine skin from oxidative damage induced by UV-irradiation. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;22(5):761-9. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley 94720-3200, USA.

Ellagic Acid (Pomegranate Seed Extract)

Lee JH, Talcott ST. Fruit maturity and juice extraction influences ellagic acid derivatives and other antioxidant polyphenolics in muscadine grapes. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jan 28;52(2):361-6. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110370, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0370, USA.

Pastrana-Bonilla E, Akoh CC, Sellappan S, Krewer G. Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine grapes. J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Aug 27;51(18):5497-503. Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7610, USA.

Verotta L, Dell'Agli M, Giolito A, Guerrini M, Cabalion P, Bosisio E. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of extracts of Tristaniopsis species and identification of the active constituents: ellagic acid and 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-(6'-O-galloyl)-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside . J Nat Prod. 2001 May;64(5):603-7. Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry and Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.

Lesca P. Protective effects of ellagic acid and other plant phenols on benzo[a]pyrene-induced neoplasia in mice. Carcinogenesis. 1983 Dec;4(12):1651-3.

Ashoori F, Suzuki S, Zhou JH, Isshiki N, Miyachi Y. Involvement of lipid peroxidation in necrosis of skin flaps and its suppression by ellagic acid. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994 Dec;94(7):1027-37. Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Japan.

Glaser KB, Sung ML, Hartman DA, Lock YW, Bauer J, Walter T, Carlson RP. Cellular and topical in vivo inflammatory murine models in the evaluation of inhibitors of phospholipase A2. Skin Pharmacol. 1995;8(6):300-8. Inflammatory Diseases, Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Princeton, N.J., USA.

Stoner GD, Mukhtar H. Polyphenols as cancer chemopreventive agents. J Cell Biochem Suppl. 1995;22:169-80. Department of Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.

Perchellet JP, Gali HU, Perchellet EM, Klish DS, Armbrust AD. Antitumor-promoting activities of tannic acid, ellagic acid, and several gallic acid derivatives in mouse skin. Basic Life Sci. 1992;59:783-801. Anti-Cancer Drug Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-4901.

Chang RL, Huang MT, Wood AW, Wong CQ, Newmark HL, Yagi H, Sayer JM, Jerina DM, Conney AH. Effect of ellagic acid and hydroxylated flavonoids on the tumorigenicity of benzo[a]pyrene and (+/-)-7 beta, 8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene on mouse skin and in the newborn mouse. Carcinogenesis. 1985 Aug;6(8):1127-33.

Gali HU, Perchellet EM, Klish DS, Johnson JM, Perchellet JP. Hydrolyzable tannins: potent inhibitors of hydroperoxide production and tumor promotion in mouse skin treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in vivo. Int J Cancer. 1992 May 28;51(3):425-32. Anti-Cancer Drug Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506.

Del Tito BJ Jr, Mukhtar H, Bickers DR. Inhibition of epidermal metabolism and DNA-binding of benzo[a]pyrene by ellagic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Jul 18;114(1):388-94.

Gali HU, Perchellet EM, Klish DS, Johnson JM, Perchellet JP. Antitumor-promoting activities of hydrolyzable tannins in mouse skin. Carcinogenesis. 1992 Apr;13(4):715-8. Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-4901.

Mukhtar H, Das M, Del Tito BJ Jr, Bickers DR. Protection against 3-methylcholanthrene-induced skin tumorigenesis in Balb/C mice by ellagic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984 Mar 15;119(2):751-7.

Mukhtar H, Das M, Del Tito BJ Jr, Bickers DR. Epidermal benzo[a]pyrene metabolism and DNA-binding in Balb/C mice: inhibition by ellagic acid. Xenobiotica. 1984 Jul;14(7):527-31.

Bickers DR, Das M, Mukhtar H. Pharmacological modification of epidermal detoxification systems. Br J Dermatol. 1986 Aug;115 Suppl 31:9-16.

Mukhtar H, Del Tito BJ Jr, Marcelo CL, Das M, Bickers DR. Ellagic acid: a potent naturally occurring inhibitor of benzo[a]pyrene metabolism and its subsequent glucuronidation, sulfation and covalent binding to DNA in cultured BALB/C mouse keratinocytes. Carcinogenesis. 1984 Dec;5(12):1565-71.

Tanaka T, Kojima T, Kawamori T, Wang A, Suzui M, Okamoto K, Mori H. Inhibition of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis by the naturally occurring plant phenolics caffeic, ellagic, chlorogenic and ferulic acids. Carcinogenesis. 1993 Jul;14(7):1321-5. 1st Department of Pathology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan.

Extra-Virgin Olive Oil

Sugibayashi K, Watanabe T, Hasegawa T, Takahashi H, Ishibashi T. Kinetic analysis on the in vitro cytotoxicity using Living Skin Equivalent for ranking the toxic potential of dermal irritants. Toxicol In Vitro. 2002 Dec;16(6):759-63. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.

Kranke B, Komericki P, Aberer W. Olive oil--contact sensitizer or irritant? Contact Dermatitis. 1997 Jan;36(1):5-10. Universitats-Hautklinik, Graz, Austria.

Owen RW, Giacosa A, Hull WE, Haubner R, Wurtele G, Spiegelhalder B, Bartsch H. Olive-oil consumption and health: the possible role of antioxidants. Lancet Oncol. 2000 Oct;1:107-12. Division of Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg.

Sapino S, Carlotti ME, Peira E, Gallarate M. Hemp-seed and olive oils: Their stability against oxidation and use in O/W emulsions. J Cosmet Sci. 2005 Jul-Aug;56(4):227-51. Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Universita degli Studi di Torino, via Pietro Giuria No. 9, 10125 Turin, Italy.

D'Angelo S, Manna C, Migliardi V, Mazzoni O, Morrica P, Capasso G, Pontoni G, Galletti P, Zappia V. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of hydroxytyrosol, a natural antioxidant from olive oil. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Nov;29(11):1492-8. Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Second University of Naples, Via Constantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy.

Budiyanto A, Ahmed NU, Wu A, Bito T, Nikaido O, Osawa T, Ueda M, Ichihashi M. Protective effect of topically applied olive oil against photocarcinogenesis following UVB exposure of mice. Carcinogenesis. 2000 Nov;21(11):2085-90. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Division of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Kanazawa University, Japan.

D'angelo S, Ingrosso D, Migliardi V, Sorrentino A, Donnarumma G, Baroni A, Masella L, Tufano MA, Zappia M, Galletti P. Hydroxytyrosol, a natural antioxidant from olive oil, prevents protein damage induced by long-wave ultraviolet radiation in melanoma cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2005 Apr 1;38(7):908-19. Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics F. Cedrangolo," Medical School, Second University of Naples, Italy.

Smith PP, Leith JT. Effects of topically-applied olive oil on the response of hamster skin to single or multiple doses of 230kV X-rays. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med. 1977 May;31(5):467-75.

de la Puerta R, Martinez Dominguez ME, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Flavill JA, Hoult JR. Effects of virgin olive oil phenolics on scavenging of reactive nitrogen species and upon nitrergic neurotransmission. Life Sci. 2001 Jul 27;69(10):1213-22. Dpt. Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Spain.

Gordon MH, Paiva-Martins F, Almeida M. Antioxidant activity of hydroxytyrosol acetate compared with that of other olive oil polyphenols. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 May;49(5):2480-5. Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights P.O. Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, UK

Visioli F, Poli A, Gall C. Antioxidant and other biological activities of phenols from olives and olive oil. Med Res Rev. 2002 Jan;22(1):65-75. Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.

Ginkgo Biloba

Kwak WJ, Han CK, Son KH, Chang HW, Kang SS, Park BK, Kim HP. Effects of Ginkgetin from Ginkgo biloba Leaves on cyclooxygenases and in vivo skin inflammation. Planta Med. 2002 Apr;68(4):316-21. SK Chemicals Ltd., Suwon, Korea.

Aricioglu A, Bozkurt M, Balabanli B, Kilinc M, Nazaroglu NK, Turkozkan N. Changes in zinc levels and superoxide dismutase activities in the skin of acute, ultraviolet-B-irradiated mice after treatment with ginkgo biloba extract. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2001 May;80(2):175-9. Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.

Hibatallah J, Carduner C, Poelman MC. In-vivo and in-vitro assessment of the free-radical-scavenger activity of Ginkgo flavone glycosides at high concentration. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999 Dec;51(12):1435-40. Departement de Dermopharmacie et Biophysique Cutanee, Faculte des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France.

Lin SY, Chang HP. Induction of superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in different rat tissues and protection from UVB irradiation after topical application of Ginkgo biloba extracts. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1997 Jul-Aug;19(6):367-71. Department of Medical Research and Education, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.

Ozkur MK, Bozkurt MS, Balabanli B, Aricioglu A, Ilter N, Gurer MA, Inaloz HS. The effects of EGb 761 on lipid peroxide levels and superoxide dismutase activity in sunburn. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2002 Jun;18(3):117-20. Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty of Gaziantep University, Sarigulluk, Gaziantep.

Pietschmann A, Kuklinski B, Otterstein A. Protection from uv-light-induced oxidative stress by nutritional radical scavengers. Gesamte Inn Med. 1992 Nov;47(11):518-22. Klinik fur Innere Medizin, Klinikums Sudstadt, Rostock.

Xu A, Chen H, Wang L, Wang Q. Influence of Ginkgo biloba L. exocarp polysaccharides on serum superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde level in mice under different states. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1998 Dec;23(12):746-7, back cover. Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002.

Castelli D, Colin L, Camel E, Ries G. Pretreatment of skin with a Ginkgo biloba extract/sodium carboxymethyl-beta-1,3-glucan formulation appears to inhibit the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis in man. Contact Dermatitis. 1998 Mar;38(3):123-6. RoC Laboratoires de Dermoesthetique, Colombes, France.

Mossabeb R, Kraft D, Valenta R. Evaluation of the allergenic potential of Ginkgo biloba extracts. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2001 Aug 16;113(15-16):580-7. Department of Pathophysiology, University of Vienna, Austria.

Hausen BM. The sensitizing capacity of ginkgolic acids in guinea pigs. Am J Contact Dermat. 1998 Sep;9(3):146-8. Dermatology Center, Buxtehude, Germany.

Mitchell JC, Maibach HI, Guin J. Leaves of Ginkgo biloba not allergenic for Toxicodendron-sensitive subjects. Contact Dermatitis. 1981 Jan;7(1):47-8.

Kim SJ, Lim MH, Chun IK, Won YH. Effects of flavonoids of Ginkgo biloba on proliferation of human skin fibroblast. Skin Pharmacol. 1997;10(4):200-5. Department of Dermatology, Chonnam University Medical School, Kwangju, Korea.

Koltringer P, Eber O, Klima G, Rothlauer W, Wakonig P, Langsteger W, Lind P. Microcirculation in parenteral Ginkgo biloba extract therapy. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1989 Mar 17;101(6):198-200. Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Bruder, Graz-Eggenberg.

Dell'Agli M, Bosisio E. Biflavones of Ginkgo biloba stimulate lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Planta Med. 2002 Jan;68(1):76-9. Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Milan, Italy.

Koltringer P, Langsteger W, Lind P, Wakonig P, Klima G, Eber O. Ginkgo biloba extract and folic acid in the therapy of changes caused by autonomic neuropathy. Acta Med Austriaca. 1989;16(2):35-7. Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Bruder, Graz-Eggenberg.

Parsad D, Pandhi R, Juneja A. Effectiveness of oral Ginkgo biloba in treating limited, slowly spreading vitiligo. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2003 May;28(3):285-7. Department of Dermatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.

Hibatallah J, Carduner C, Poelman MC. In-vivo and in-vitro assessment of the free-radical-scavenger activity of Ginkgo flavone glycosides at high concentration. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999 Dec;51(12):1435-40. Departement de Dermopharmacie et Biophysique Cutanee, Faculte des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France.

Kagan V, Witt E, Goldman R, Scita G, Packer L. Ultraviolet light-induced generation of vitamin E radicals and their recycling. A possible photosensitizing effect of vitamin E in skin. Free Radic Res Commun. 1992;16(1):51-64. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.

Ginseng

Surh YJ, Na HK, Lee JY, Keum YS. Molecular mechanisms underlying anti-tumor promoting activities of heat-processed Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J Korean Med Sci. 2001 Dec;16 Suppl:S38-41. College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.

Keum YS, Park KK, Lee JM, Chun KS, Park JH, Lee SK, Kwon H, Surh YJ. Antioxidant and anti-tumor promoting activities of the methanol extract of heat-processed ginseng. Cancer Lett. 2000 Mar 13;150(1):41-8. Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, South Korea.

Rui H. Research and development of cancer chemopreventive agents in China. J Cell Biochem Suppl. 1997;27:7-11. Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.

Lee JY, Shin JW, Chun KS, Park KK, Chung WY, Bang YJ, Sung JH, Surh YJ. Antitumor promotional effects of a novel intestinal bacterial metabolite (IH-901) derived from the protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides in mouse skin. Carcinogenesis. 2005 Feb;26(2):359-67. Epub 2004 Oct 21. National Research Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.

Surh YJ, Lee JY, Choi KJ, Ko SR. Effects of selected ginsenosides on phorbol ester-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and activation of NF-kappaB and ERK1/2 in mouse skin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Nov;973:396-401. Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.

Keum YS, Han SS, Chun KS, Park KK, Park JH, Lee SK, Surh YJ. Inhibitory effects of the ginsenoside Rg3 on phorbol ester-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression, NF-kappaB activation and tumor promotion. Mutat Res. 2003 Feb-Mar;523-524:75-85. College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Shinlim-dong, Kwanak-ku, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.

Konoshima T, Takasaki M, Tokuda H, Nishino H, Duc NM, Kasai R, Yamasaki K. Anti-tumor-promoting activity of majonoside-R2 from Vietnamese ginseng, Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. (I). Biol Pharm Bull. 1998 Aug;21(8):834-8. Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan.

Konoshima T, Takasaki M, Tokuda H. Anti-carcinogenic activity of the roots of Panax notoginseng. II. Biol Pharm Bull. 1999 Oct;22(10):1150-2. Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan.

Krylova NV, Besednova NN, Solov'eva TF, Loenko IuN, Faustov VS, Konstantinova NA, Smolina TP, Eliakov GB. Anti-inflammatory effect of polysaccharide obtained from ginseng cell cultures. Antibiot Khimioter. 1990 Apr;35(4):41-2.

Konoshima T, Takasaki M, Ichiishi E, Murakami T, Tokuda H, Nishino H, Duc NM, Kasai R, Yamasaki K. Cancer chemopreventive activity of majonoside-R2 from Vietnamese ginseng, Panax vietnamensis. Cancer Lett. 1999 Dec 1;147(1-2):11-6. Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan.

Fei XF, Wang BX, Tashiro S, Li TJ, Ma JS, Ikejima T. Apoptotic effects of ginsenoside Rh2 on human malignant melanoma A375-S2 cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2002 Apr;23(4):315-22. China Japan Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China.

Kim S, Kang BY, Cho SY, Sung DS, Chang HK, Yeom MH, Kim DH, Sim YC, Lee YS. Compound K induces expression of hyaluronan synthase 2 gene in transformed human keratinocytes and increases hyaluronan in hairless mouse skin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Apr 2;316(2):348-55. R&D Center, Amore-Pacific Corporation, 314-1 Borari, Kiheung-eup, Yongin-si, Kyounggi-do 449-729, South Korea.

Yagi A, Ishizu T, Okamura N, Noguchi S, Itoh H. Growth of cultured human bronchiogenic epithelioid CCD-14 Br cells and dermal fibroblasts, NB1 RGB treated with ginseng tetrapeptide and its isomer. Planta Med. 1996 Apr;62(2):115-8. Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima, Japan.

Morisaki N, Watanabe S, Tezuka M, Zenibayashi M, Shiina R, Koyama N, Kanzaki T, Saito Y. Mechanism of angiogenic effects of saponin from ginseng Radix rubra in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol. 1995 Aug;115(7):1188-93. Second Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan.

Choi S. Epidermis proliferative effect of the Panax ginseng ginsenoside Rb2. Arch Pharm Res. 2002 Feb;25(1):71-6. Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Korea.

Lee EH, Cho SY, Kim SJ, Shin ES, Chang HK, Kim DH, Yeom MH, Woe KS, Lee J, Sim YC, Lee TR. Ginsenoside F1 protects human HaCaT keratinocytes from ultraviolet-B-induced apoptosis by maintaining constant levels of Bcl-2. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Sep;121(3):607-13. R & D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, 314-1 Bora-ri, Giheung-eup, Yongin-si, Kyeonggi-do 449 729, Korea.

Matsuda H, Yamazaki M, Asanuma Y, Kubo M. Promotion of hair growth by ginseng radix on cultured mouse vibrissal hair follicles. Phytother Res. 2003 Aug;17(7):797-800. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.

Kim SH, Jeong KS, Ryu SY, Kim TH. Panax ginseng prevents apoptosis in hair follicles and accelerates recovery of hair medullary cells in irradiated mice. In Vivo. 1998 Mar-Apr;12(2):219-22. Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, South Korea.

Glucosamine Sulfate

Kelly G.S. The role of glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfates in the treatment of degenerative joint disease. Altern Med Rev. 1998 Feb;3(1):27-39.

Setnikar I, Palumbo R, Canali S, Zanolo G. Pharmacokinetics of glucosamine in man. Arzneimittelforschung. 1993 Oct;43(10):1109-13. Rotta Research Laboratorium S.p.A., Monza, Italy.

Setnikar I, Giacchetti C, Zanolo G. Pharmacokinetics of glucosamine in the dog and in man. Arzneimittelforschung. 1986 Apr;36(4):729-35.

Minghetti P. Low molecular weight hyaluronic acid prevents oxygen free radical damage to granulation tissue during wound healing. Int J Tissue React. 2002;24(2):65-71. Wound Healing Center, Erba Voglio Foundation, Brescia, Italy.

Sawai T, Usui N, Sando K, Fukui Y, Kamata S, Okada A, Taniguchi N, Itano N, Kimata K. Hyaluronic acid of wound fluid in adult and fetal rabbits. J Pediatr Surg. 1997 Jan;32(1):41-3. Department of Pediatric Surgery and Biochemistry, Japan.

Longaker MT, Chiu ES, Adzick NS, Stern M, Harrison MR, Stern R. Studies in fetal wound healing. V. A prolonged presence of hyaluronic acid characterizes fetal wound fluid. Ann Surg. 1991 Apr;213(4):292-6. Fetal Treatment Program, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0506.

Iocono JA, Krummel TM, Keefer KA, Allison GM, Paul H. Repeated additions of hyaluronan alters granulation tissue deposition in sponge implants in mice. Wound Repair Regen. 1998 Sep-Oct;6(5):442-8. Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Penn State Geisinger Health System, Hershey, Pa, USA.

Longaker MT, Chiu ES, Harrison MR, Crombleholme TM, Langer JC, Duncan BW, Adzick NS, Verrier ED, Stern R. Studies in fetal wound healing. IV. Hyaluronic acid-stimulating activity distinguishes fetal wound fluid from adult wound fluid. Ann Surg. 1989 Nov;210(5):667-72. Fetal Treatment Program, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0506.

Pajulo OT, Pulkki KJ, Lertola KK, Alanen MS, Reunanen MS, Virtanen RV, Mattila-Vuori AI, Viljanto JA. Hyaluronic acid in incision wound fluid: a clinical study with the Cellstick device in children. Wound Repair Regen. 2001 May-Jun;9(3):200-4. Department of Paediatric Surgery, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland.

Campo GM, D'Ascola A, Avenoso A, Campo S, Ferlazzo AM, Micali C, Zanghi L, Calatroni A. Glycosaminoglycans reduce oxidative damage induced by copper (Cu+2), iron (Fe+2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in human fibroblast cultures. Glycoconj J. 2004;20(2):133-41. Department of Biochemical, Physiological and Nutritional Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125 Messina, Italy.

Dal Sacco D, Cozzani E, Parodi A, Rebora A. Scar sarcoidosis after hyaluronic acid injection. Int J Dermatol. 2005 May;44(5):411-2. DiSEM, Section of Dermatology, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy.

Soparkar CN, Patrinely JR. Managing inflammatory reaction to restylane. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005 Mar;21(2):151-3. Plastic Eye Surgery Associates, PLLC, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.

Hsu S, Bollag WB, Lewis J, Huang Q, Singh B, Sharawy M, Yamamoto T, Schuster G. Green tea polyphenols induce differentiation and proliferation in epidermal keratinocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Jul;306(1):29-34. Epub 2003 Mar 27. Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, AD1443. Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1126, USA.

McCarty MF. Glucosamine for wound healing. Med Hypotheses. 1996 Oct;47(4):273-5.

Cohen M, Wolfe R, Mai T, Lewis D. A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial of a topical cream containing glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and camphor for osteoarthritis of the knee. J Rheumatol. 2003 Mar;30(3):523-8.

Adzick NS, Longaker MT. Scarless fetal healing. Therapeutic implications. Ann Surg. 1992 Jan;215(1):3-7..Fetal Treatment Program, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0570.

Dostal GH, Gamelli RL. Fetal wound healing. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1993 Mar;176(3):299-306. Department of Surgery, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington.

Estes JM, Adzick NS, Harrison MR, Longaker MT, Stern R. Hyaluronate metabolism undergoes an ontogenic transition during fetal development: implications for scar-free wound healing. J Pediatr Surg. 1993 Oct;28(10):1227-31. Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco 94143.

Alaish SM, Yager D, Diegelmann RF, Cohen IK. Biology of fetal wound healing: hyaluronate receptor expression in fetal fibroblasts. J Pediatr Surg. 1994 Aug;29(8):1040-3. Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298-0117.

Prehm P. Biochem. Hyaluronate is synthesized at plasma membranes. J. 1984 Jun 1; 220(2):597-600.

Roden L. Arkh Kemi. Effect of hexosamies on the synthesis of chondroitin sulphuric acid in vitro.1956; 10: 345-452.

Karzel K, Domenjoz R. Effects of hexosamine derivatives and uronic acid derivatives on glycosaminoglycane metabolism of fibroblast cultures. Pharmacology. 1971;5(6):337-45.

Kim JJ, Conrad HE. Effect of D-glucosamine concentration on the kinetics of mucopolysaccharide biosynthesis in cultured chick embryo vertebral cartilage. J Biol Chem. 1974 May 25;249(10):3091-7.

Vidal y Plana RR, Bizzarri D, Rovati AL. Articular cartilage pharmacology: I. In vitro studies on glucosamine and non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Pharmacol Res Commun. 1978 Jun;10(6):557-69.

Matuoka K, Namba M, Mitsui Y. Hyaluronate synthetase inhibition by normal and transformed human fibroblasts during growth reduction. J Cell Biol. 1987 Apr;104(4):1105-15.

Meyer, K., Palmer, J.W. 1934. J. Biol. Chem. 107, 629-634.

Meyer, K., Palmer, J.W. 1934. J. Biol. Chem. 114, 689-703.

Weissman, B., Meyer, K.J. 1954. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 1753-1757.

Noble PW. Hyaluronan and its catabolic products in tissue injury and repair. Matrix Biol. 2002 Jan;21(1):25-9. Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, LCI 105, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

Deguine V, Menasche M, Ferrari P, Fraisse L, Pouliquen Y, Robert L. Free radical depolymerization of hyaluronan by Maillard reaction products: role in liquefaction of aging vitreous. Int J Biol Macromol. 1998 Feb;22(1):17-22. INSERM U86, Institut des Cordeliers, Paris, France.

Saari H. Oxygen derived free radicals and synovial fluid hyaluronate. Ann Rheum Dis. 1991 Jun;50(6):389-92. Fourth Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.

McKee CM, Penno MB, Cowman M, Burdick MD, Strieter RM, Bao C, Noble PW. Hyaluronan (HA) fragments induce chemokine gene expression in alveolar macrophages. The role of HA size and CD44. J Clin Invest. 1996 Nov 15;98(10):2403-13. Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.

Termeer CC, Hennies J, Voith U, Ahrens T, Weiss JM, Prehm P, Simon JC. Oligosaccharides of hyaluronan are potent activators of dendritic cells. J Immunol. 2000 Aug 15;165(4):1863-70. Department of Dermatology, University of Freiburg, Germany.

West DC, Shaw DM, Lorenz P, Adzick NS, Longaker MT. Fibrotic healing of adult and late gestation fetal wounds correlates with increased hyaluronidase activity and removal of hyaluronan. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 1997 Jan;29(1):201-10. Department of Immunology, University of Liverpool, U.K.

Agerup B. Comparative chemical evaluation of derivatives of hyaluronic acid. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2000 May;14(3):223-5.

Miyamoto I, Nagase S. Age-related changes in the molecular weight of hyaluronic acid from rat skin. Jikken Dobutsu. 1984 Oct;33(4):481-5.

Moseley R, Leaver M, Walker M, Waddington RJ, Parsons D, Chen WY, Embery G. Comparison of the antioxidant properties of HYAFF-11p75, AQUACEL and hyaluronan towards reactive oxygen species in vitro. Biomaterials. 2002 May;23(10):2255-64. Department of Basic Dental Science, Dental School, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.

Trommer H, Wartewig S, Bottcher R, Poppl A, Hoentsch J, Ozegowski JH, Neubert RH. The effects of hyaluronan and its fragments on lipid models exposed to UV irradiation. Int J Pharm. 2003 Mar 26;254(2):223-34. School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Martin-Luther-University, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, D-06120 Halle (Salle), Germany.

Dissemond J, Goos M, Wagner SN. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and therapy of chronic wounds. 2002 Nov;53(11):718-23. Klinik und Poliklinik fur Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie des Universitatsklinikums Essen, Germany. Hautarzt.

Foschi D, Castoldi L, Radaelli E, Abelli P, Calderini G, Rastrelli A, Mariscotti C, Marazzi M, Trabucchi E. Hyaluronic acid prevents oxygen free-radical damage to granulation tissue: a study in rats. Int J Tissue React. 1990;12(6):333-9. Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences L. Sacco, Milan, Italy.

White MJ, Heckler FR. Oxygen free radicals and wound healing. Clin Plast Surg. 1990 Jul;17(3):473-84. University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania.

Agren UM, Tammi RH, Tammi MI. Reactive oxygen species contribute to epidermal hyaluronan catabolism in human skin organ culture. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;23(7):996-1001. Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, Finland.

McNeil JD, Wiebkin OW, Betts WH, Cleland LG. <a class="URL" hre